Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate

Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate مُتَصَرِّفِيَّة جَبَل لُبْنَان
Mutasarrifate of the Ottoman Empire
9 June 1861–September 1918
Map of the Mount Lebanon Mutassarifate c. 1900. The Mutasarrifate in 1914.
Capital	Deir el Qamar[1]
Demonym	أَهْل الْجَبَل; "Ahl al-Jabal", lit. 'People of the Mountain'
Population
• 1870[2]	110,000
• 1895[3]	399,530
• 1913[3]	414,747
• 1918[4]	200,000
Historical era	19th–20th century
• Règlement Organique	3 August 1860 9 June 1861
• Ottoman occupation	1 September
Preceded by Succeeded by Tripoli Eyalet Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon Sidon Eyalet Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
Today part of	Lebanon

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Timeline
Ancient Prehistory Canaan/Phoenicia (2500–333 BC) Amurru kingdom (2000 BC) Egyptian rule (1550–1077 BC) Hittite rule (1600–1178 BC) Assyrian rule (883–605 BC) Babylonian rule (605–538 BC) Persian rule (538–332 BC)
Classical Hellenistic rule (332–64 BC) Roman rule (64 BC–646 AD) Sassanid interlude (610s–628 AD)
Medieval Rashidun Caliphate (636–661) Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Tulunids (868–905) Hamdanid dynasty (890–1004) Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) Ikhshidid dynasty (935–969) Mirdasid dynasty (1024–1080) Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) County of Tripoli (1099–1291) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291) Zengid dynasty (1127–1250) Mamluk Sultanate (1291–1515) Assafs (1306–1591) Ma'anids (1490–1697) Harfushids (1493–1860)
Colonial Ottoman rule (1516–1918) Emirate of Mount Lebanon (1516–1840) Tripoli Eyalet (1579–1864) Sidon Eyalet (1660–1864) Shihabs (1697–1842) El Assaad Family (1749–1957) Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon (1843-1861) Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1861–1918) Beirut Vilayet (1888–1917) Allied administration (1918–1920) French rule (1920–1943)
Republic of Lebanon 1958 Lebanon crisis Chehabist era Palestinian insurgency Lebanese Civil War (Aftermath) Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon Syrian occupation of Lebanon 2005 Lebanon bombings Cedar Revolution 2006 July War 2006–08 political protests 2007 North Lebanon conflict 2008 conflict in Lebanon Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon Lebanese presidential crisis Maritime boundary dispute Liquidity crisis (Reaction) Political crisis 2020 Beirut explosion Israeli invasion of Lebanon
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The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate^[5][6][7] (1861–1918, Arabic: مُتَصَرِّفِيَّة جَبَل لُبْنَان, romanized: Mutaṣarrifiyyat Jabal Lubnān; Ottoman Turkish: جَبَلِ لُبْنَان مُتَصَرِّفلِيغى, romanized: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı)^[a] was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the 19th-century Tanzimat reform. After 1861, there existed an autonomous Mount Lebanon with a Christian Mutasarrif (governor), which had been created as a homeland for the Maronites under European diplomatic pressure following the 1860 Druze–Maronite conflict. The Maronite Catholics and the Druze founded modern Lebanon in the early eighteenth century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in Mount Lebanon.^[8]

This system came during the era of Tanzimat reforms initiated by Sultan Abdulmejid I in an attempt to extricate the Ottoman State from its internal problems, and it was approved after the major sectarian strife of 1860 and the numerous massacres that occurred in Mount Lebanon, Damascus, the Beqaa Valley and Jabal Amil among Muslims and Christians in general, and the Druze and Maronites in particular; the European countries exploited the sectarian tensions to pressure the Sultan in a way that achieved their economic and ideological interests in the Arab East. The Mutasarrifate era is characterized by the spread of national consciousness, science and culture among the Lebanese, for many reasons, including: the spread of schools in numerous villages, towns and cities, and the opening of two large universities that are still among the oldest and most prestigious universities in the Middle East, namely the Syrian Evangelical College, which became the American University of Beirut, and the Saint Joseph University.

The Mutasarrifate era is also characterized by the beginning of the Lebanese emigration to Egypt, Western European countries, North and South America, where a number of immigrants achieved great success that weren't possible to achieve in their homeland, and many of these immigrants contributed to the revival of the Arabic Language and Arabic literature after a stalemate that lasted for many years, and contributed to raising the Arab national spirit and political awareness in the period of Al-Nahda among Arabs, whether in Lebanon or in neighboring countries. The autonomy of Mount Lebanon (Mutasarrifate) ended with the Ottoman occupation at the beginning of World War I. The Ottomans started an organized famine (known as Kafno). The defeat of the Ottoman Empire led to a French military invasion in 1918, this initiated the French Mandate.

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