Muhammad Asad

Muhammad Asad محمد أسد
Muhammad Asad addressing Radio Pakistan
Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction[1]
In office August 1947 – September 1948
Ministry of Foreign Affairs[clarification needed]
In office September 1948 – 1951
Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations
In office 1952–1952
Personal life
Born	(1900-07-02)2 July 1900 Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (present-day Lviv, Ukraine)
Died	20 February 1992(1992-02-20) (aged 91) Mijas, Andalucia, Spain[4]
Nationality	Austrian[2] Pakistani[3]
Main interest(s)	Islamic studies, Islamic democracy, Muslim world, Quran
Notable idea(s)	Islamic state[5] Independent Reasoning[6]
Notable work(s)	The Message of The Qur'an The Road to Mecca
Alma mater	University of Vienna (dropped out in 1920)
Occupation	Linguist[citation needed], Academic, Traveler, Political Theorist, Historian
Religious life
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Reformist
Muslim leader
Influenced by Islamic philosophy Bedouin culture[7] Muhammad Iqbal[6] Muhammad Abduh[8] Rashid Rida[9] Mustafa al-Maraghi[10] Ibn Hazm[11]
Influenced First Constitution of Pakistan[5] Murad Hofmann[12][13] Tariq Ramadan[14] Maryam Jameelah[15][16]

Muhammad Asad^[a] (born Leopold Weiss; 2 July 1900 – 20 February 1992) was an Austro-Hungarian Muslim polymath, born in modern day Ukraine. He worked as a journalist, traveler, writer, political theorist, and diplomat.^[6]

His translation of the Quran in English, "The Message of The Qur'an" is one of the most notable of his works. In Asad's words in "The Message of the Quran": "the work which I am now placing before the public is based on a lifetime of study and of many years spent in Arabia. It is an attempt – perhaps the first attempt – at a really idiomatic, explanatory rendition of the Qur'anic message into a European language."

By age 13, Weiss had acquired a passing fluency in Hebrew and Aramaic, on top of his native German and Polish languages.^[17][18] By his mid-twenties, he could read and write in English, French, Persian and Arabic.^[19][20] In Mandatory Palestine, Weiss engaged in arguments with Zionist leaders like Chaim Weizmann, voicing his reservations about some aspects of the Zionist Movement.^[18] After traveling across the Arab World as a journalist, he converted to Sunni Islam in 1926 and adopted the name "Muhammad Asad"—Asad being the Arabic rendition of his root name Leo (Lion).^[21]

During his stay in Saudi Arabia, he spent time with Bedouins and enjoyed the close company of the state's founder, Ibn Saud.^[9][10] He also carried out a secret mission for Ibn Saud to trace the sources of funding for the Ikhwan Revolt. Due to these activities, he was dubbed in a Haaretz article as "Leopold of Arabia"—hinting similarity of his activities to those of Lawrence of Arabia.^[18] On his visit to India, Asad became friends with the Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, who persuaded him to abandon his eastward travels and "help elucidate the intellectual premises of the future Islamic state".^[22][23] He also spent five years in internment by the British government at the outbreak of World War II.^[3] On 14 August 1947, Asad received Pakistani citizenship and later served in several bureaucratic and diplomatic positions including the Director of Department of Islamic Reconstruction, Deputy Secretary (Middle East Division) in the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan, and Pakistan's envoy to the United Nations.^[9][10][22]

In the West, Asad rose to prominence as a writer with his best-selling autobiography, The Road to Mecca.^[23][24][25] Later, after seventeen years of scholarly research, he published his magnum opus: The Message of the Qur'an—an English translation and commentary of the Quran.^[26] The book, along with the translations of Pickthall and Yusuf Ali, is regarded as one of the most influential translations of the modern era.^[6][27][26] An ardent proponent of ijtihad and rationality in interpreting religious texts, he dedicated his works "to People who Think".^[26][28]

In 2008, the entrance square to the UN Office in Vienna was named Muhammad Asad Platz in commemoration of his work as a "religious bridge-builder".^[29] Asad has been described by his biographers as "Europe's gift to Islam" and "a Mediator between Islam and the West".^[30][31]

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