Neurocysticercosis

Neurocysticercosis
Magnetic resonance image of a patient with neurocysticercosis demonstrating multiple cysticerci within the brain[1]
Specialty	Infectious diseases

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a parasitic infection of the nervous system caused by the larvae of the tapeworm Taenia solium, also known as the "pork tapeworm". The disease is primarily transmitted through direct contact with human feces, often through the consumption of food or water containing Taenia solium eggs. These eggs hatch in the small intestine and penetrate the intestinal wall. The larvae can travel to the brain, muscles, eyes, and skin. Neurocysticercosis, caused by Taenia solium larvae, differs from taeniasis, which results from adult tapeworm infection.

Neurocysticercosis manifests with various signs and symptoms, influenced by the location, number of lesions, and immune response. While some people may have no symptoms, others may experience seizures, increased pressure in the skull, cognitive impairment, or specific neurological problems. In severe cases, the condition can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis relies on imaging and blood tests. Neurocysticercosis can be prevented through improved sanitation, education, awareness, de-worming and vaccines for endemic areas. Treatment options depend on cyst viability, the host's immune response, and the location and number of lesions. Symptoms are treated with anti-seizure, antiedema, pain, or anti-inflammatory drugs. Surgery, steroids, or other medications are used to treat intracranial hypertension. Anti-parasitic medications are used for treating earlier stages of the disease. Steroids are used to manage inflammation in the central nervous system. Surgery can be used to remove cysts.

Neurocysticercosis is common in developing regions, such as Latin America, China, Nepal, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. Although rare in Europe and the US, immigration has increased its prevalence. Taenia solium has been recognized since 1500 BC and found in ancient Egyptian mummies. The first recorded cases of neurocysticercosis were likely in 1558. In the 19th century, German pathologists found similarities between T. solium and cysticercus scolex and discovered that consumption of cysticercus in pork caused human intestinal taeniasis.