Northern Vietnam or Tonkin (Vietnamese: Bắc Bộ) is one of three geographical regions in Vietnam. It consists of three geographic sub-regions: the Northwest (Vùng Tây Bắc), the Northeast (Vùng Đông Bắc), and the Red River Delta (Đồng Bằng Sông Hồng). It is near China. Unlike tropical Central and Southern Vietnam, Northern Vietnam has a subtropical climate.[1]
It has a total area of about 109,942.9 km2. Its Hanoi is now Vietnam's capital. Among the three geographical regions, the oldest is Northern Vietnam, where the Vietnamese culture originated in the Red River Delta, though Kinh Vietnamese eventually spread south into the Mekong Delta.[2]