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Nuremberg rallies
The Nuremberg rallies (officially ⓘ, meaning Reich Party Congress) were a series of celebratory events coordinated by the Nazi Party and held in the German city of Nuremberg from 1923 to 1938. The first nationwide party convention took place in Munich in January 1923, but the location was shifted to Nuremberg that September.[1] The rallies usually occurred in late August or September, lasting several days to a week.[1] They played a central role in Nazi propaganda, using mass parades, "military rituals," speeches, concerts, and varied stagecraft methods to project the image of a strong and united Germany under Nazi leadership.[2]
The rallies became a national event following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933, and were thereafter held annually. Once the Nazi dictatorship was firmly established, party propagandists began filming the rallies for a national, and international, audience. Noted Nazi filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl produced several films, including Triumph of the Will (1934) and The Victory of Faith (1933), at the rally grounds in Nuremberg.[3] The 1938 rally celebrated the Anschluss—Germany's annexation of Austria—which occurred earlier that year.[3]
The planned 1939 rally was cancelled due to Germany's invasion of Poland. Scheduled to begin on 2 September, this rally was ironically called the Reichsparteitag des Friedens, or "Rally of Peace."[4][5] The regime never held another rally, as Germany prioritized its efforts in the Second World War.[5] By March 1940, construction at the rally grounds had "almost halted," although prisoners of war continued work as late as 1943, being housed in barracks originally "erected for rally participants."[5]
- ^ a b "Nürnberg Rally". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 January 2025. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
- ^ "The Nazi Party Rally as ritual". The Nuremberg Municipal Museums: Documentation Center Nazi Party Rally Grounds. Archived from the original on 9 January 2025. Retrieved 9 January 2025.
- ^ a b Sinclair, Thornton (1938). "The Nazi Party Rally at Nuremberg". Public Opinion Quarterly. 2 (4): 570–583. doi:10.1086/265232. ISSN 0033-362X. JSTOR 2745103.
- ^ Rawson, Andrew (2012). Showcasing the Third Reich: The Nuremberg Rallies: The Nuremberg Rallies. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8353-5.
- ^ a b c Macdonald, Sharon (2010). Difficult Heritage: Negotiating the Nazi Past in Nuremberg and Beyond. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-1-134-11106-0.
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