Oliver Otis Howard

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Oliver Otis Howard
Howard during the Civil War
Nickname(s)	The Christian General Old Prayer Book
Born	(1830-11-08)November 8, 1830 Leeds, Maine, U.S.
Died	October 26, 1909(1909-10-26) (aged 78) Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Place of burial	Lakeview Cemetery, Burlington, Vermont
Allegiance	United States (Union)
Service / branch	United States Army Union Army
Years of service	1854–1894
Rank	Major General
Commands	3rd Maine Infantry regiment 1st Brigade, 1st Division, II Corps 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps 2nd Division, II Corps XI Corps IV Corps Army of the Tennessee Freedmen's Bureau United States Military Academy
Battles / wars	Seminole Wars Civil War First Battle of Bull Run Battle of Seven Pines Battle of Antietam Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Gettysburg Chattanooga Campaign Atlanta Campaign Sherman's March to the Sea Carolinas Campaign Indian Wars Nez Perce War
Awards	Thanks of Congress Medal of Honor
Alma mater	Bowdoin College West Point
Other work	President, Howard University Managing Director, Lincoln Memorial University
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Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the Civil War. As a brigade commander in the Army of the Potomac, Howard lost his right arm while leading his men against Confederate forces at the Battle of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines in June 1862, an action which later earned him the Medal of Honor. As a corps commander, he suffered a major defeat at Chancellorsville and his performance was of question at Gettysburg in May and July 1863.[1] However, he recovered from possible career setbacks as a successful corps and later army commander, commanding the Army of the Tennessee from July 27, 1864 until May 19, 1865 leading the army in the battles of Ezra Church, Battle of Jonesborough, Sherman's March to the Sea, and the Carolinas campaign in the Western Theater.

Known as the "Christian General" because he tried to base his policy decisions on his deep, evangelical piety,^[1] he was given charge of the Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, with the mission of integrating the former slaves into Southern society and politics during the second phase of the Reconstruction Era. Howard took charge of labor policy, setting up a system that required freed people to work on former plantation land under pay scales fixed by the Bureau, on terms negotiated by the Bureau with white land owners. Howard's Bureau was primarily responsible for the legal affairs of the freedmen. He attempted to protect freed blacks from hostile conditions, but lacked adequate power, and was repeatedly frustrated by President Andrew Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in the 1866 elections and imposed Radical Reconstruction, with the result that freedmen were given the vote. With the help and advice of the Bureau, freedmen joined Republican coalitions and won at the ballot boxes of most of the southern states. Howard was also a leader in promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Howard University in Washington, D.C., and serving as its president 1867–73; and aided in the charter of Howard University and Atlanta University (now Clark Atlanta University) in 1867.

After 1874, Howard commanded troops in the West, conducting a famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe, led by Chief Joseph. Utley (1987) concludes that his leadership against the Apaches in 1872, Nez Perce in 1877, Bannocks and Paiutes in 1878, and the Sheepeaters in 1879 all add up to a lengthy record, although he did not fight as much as George Custer or Nelson Miles.^[2]