Painted turtle

Painted turtle Temporal range: 15–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Neogene–recent[1]
Western painted turtle
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Emydidae
Subfamily:	Deirochelyinae
Genus:	Chrysemys
Species:	C. picta
Binomial name
Chrysemys picta (Schneider, 1783)
Subspecies[3]
C. p. bellii[3] C. p. marginata[3] C. p. picta[3]
Yellow: Eastern (C. p. picta) Orange: Midland (C. p. marginata) Blue: Southern (C. dorsalis) Red: Western (C. p. bellii)
Synonyms[6]
Species synonymy[4] Testudo picta Schneider, 1783 Chrysemys cinerea Bonnaterre, 1789 Emys bellii Gray, 1831 Emys oregoniensis Harlan, 1837 Chrysemys picta Gray, 1856 Chrysemys marginata Agassiz, 1857 Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 Chrysemys nuttalli Agassiz, 1857 Chrysemys pulchra Gray, 1873 Chrysemys trealeasei Hurter, 1911 Subspecies synonymy[4][5] Chrysemys picta picta Testudo picta Schneider, 1783 Testudo cinerea Bonnaterre, 1789 Emys cinerea Schweigger, 1812 Emys picta Schweigger, 1812 Clemmys picta Wagler, 1830 Terrapene picta Bonaparte, 1831 Chrysemys picta Gray, 1856 Chrysemys cinerea Boulenger, 1889 Clemmys cinerea Strauch, 1890 Chrysemys [cinerea] cinerea Siebenrock, 1909 Chrysemis picta Kallert, 1927 Chrysemys picta picta Bishop & Schmidt, 1931 Chrysema picta Chan & Cohen, 1964 Pseudemys picta Arnold, 2002 Chrysemys picta bellii Emys bellii Gray, 1831 Clemmys (Clemmys) bellii Fitzinger, 1835 Emys oregoniensis Harlan, 1837 Chrysemys bellii Gray, 1844 Emys originensis Gray, 1844 (ex errore) Emys oregonensis LeConte, 1854 (ex errore) Emys origonensis Gray, 1856 (ex errore) Chrysemys nuttalii Agassiz, 1857 Chrysemys oregonensis Agassiz, 1857 Clemmys oregoniensis Strauch, 1862 Chrysemys nuttallii Gray, 1863 (ex errore) Chrysemys orbigniensis Gray, 1863 Chrysemys pulchra Gray, 1873 Emys belli Günther, 1874 (ex errore) Chrysemys cinerea var. bellii Boulenger, 1889 Chrysemys belli Ditmars, 1907 Chrysemys treleasei Hurter, 1911 Chrysemys marginata bellii Stejneger & Barbour, 1917 Chrysemys bellii bellii Ruthven, 1924 Chrysemys picta bellii Bishop & Schmidt, 1931 Chrysemys picta belli Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934 Chrysemys belli belli Pickwell, 1948 Chrysemys nuttalli Schmidt, 1953 (ex errore) Chrysemys picta bollii Kuhn, 1964 (ex errore) Chrysemys trealeasei Ernst, 1971 (ex errore) Chrysemys trealeasi Smith & Smith, 1980 (ex errore) Chrysemys picta dorsalis Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz, 1857 Clemmys picta var. dorsalis Strauch, 1862 Chrysemys cinerea var. dorsalis Boulenger, 1889 Chrysemys marginata dorsalis Stejneger & Barbour, 1917 Chrysemys bellii dorsalis Ruthven, 1924 Chrysemys picta dorsalis Bishop & Schmidt, 1931 Chrysemys picta marginata Chrysemys marginata Agassiz, 1857 Clemmys marginata Strauch, 1862 Chrysemys marginata marginata Stejneger & Barbour, 1917 Chrysemys bellii marginata Ruthven, 1924 Chrysemys picta marginata Bishop & Schmidt, 1931

The painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) is the most widespread native turtle of North America. It lives in relatively slow-moving fresh waters, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. They have been shown to prefer large wetlands with long periods of inundation and emergent vegetation.^[7] This species is one of the few that is specially adapted to tolerate freezing temperatures for extended periods of time due to an antifreeze-like substance in their blood that keeps their cells from freezing.^[8] This turtle is a member of the genus Chrysemys, which is part of the pond turtle family Emydidae. Fossils show that the painted turtle existed 15 million years ago. Three regionally based subspecies (the eastern, midland, and western) evolved during the last ice age. The southern painted turtle (C. dorsalis) is alternately considered the only other species in Chrysemys, or another subspecies of C. picta.

The adult painted turtle is 13–25 cm (5.1–9.8 in) long; the male is smaller than the female. The turtle's top shell is dark and smooth, without a ridge. Its skin is olive to black with red, orange, or yellow stripes on its extremities. The subspecies can be distinguished by their shells: the eastern has straight-aligned top shell segments; the midland has a large gray mark on the bottom shell; the western has a red pattern on the bottom shell.

The turtle eats aquatic vegetation, algae, and small water creatures including insects, crustaceans, and fish. Painted turtles primarily feed while in water and are able to locate and subdue prey even in heavily clouded conditions.^[9] Although they are frequently consumed as eggs or hatchlings by rodents, canines, and snakes, the adult turtles' hard shells protect them from most predators. Reliant on warmth from its surroundings, the painted turtle is active only during the day when it basks for hours on logs or rocks. During winter, the turtle hibernates, usually in the mud at the bottom of water bodies. The turtles mate in spring and autumn. Females dig nests on land and lay eggs between late spring and mid-summer. Hatched turtles grow until sexual maturity: 2–9 years for males, 6–16 for females.

In the traditional tales of Algonquian tribes, the colorful turtle played the part of a trickster. In modern times, four U.S. states (Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, and Vermont) have named the painted turtle their official reptile. While habitat loss and road killings have reduced the turtle's population, its ability to live in human-disturbed settings has helped it remain the most abundant turtle in North America. Adults in the wild can live for more than 55 years.