Peasant March

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The Peasant March (Finnish: talonpoikaismarssi, Swedish: bondetåget) was a demonstration in Helsinki on 7 July 1930 by the far-right Lapua movement, attended by more than 12,000 supporters from all over the country. It was the most significant show of strength in the short history of the Lapua movement, aimed primarily at the Communists, but it was also intended to put pressure on the Finnish government. President Lauri Relander, Prime Minister Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, among others, were invited guests at the main event held at the Senate Square. In addition present were right-wing MPs, the country's military leadership, and General Mannerheim, commander-in-chief of the Civil War White Army. The peasant march was intentionally reminiscent of the White Victory Parade of 16 May 1918, and also followed its route.^[1]

The original purpose of the Peasant march was to cause the fall of the cabinet of Kyösti Kallio, who pursued a policy of reconciliation with former Reds. When the main goal was realized a few days before the march, the demonstration focused on opposing communism. In his speech to the Parliament, Vihtori Kosola, the leader of the Lapua movement, presented his demands for legislation banning the activities of the Communists. Other keynote speakers were the priests Kaarlo Kares and Väinö Malmivaara, who gave religious speeches and demanded, among other things, end to blasphemy. In addition to the opposition from the left, the incident sparked opposition from the moderate right as they feared a coup attempt from Lapua.^[1]

The Kallio government was powerless in the face of pressure from the Lapua movement when, unsure of the loyalty of the white guard, it was unable to take retaliatory action. On July 1, Parliament convened in the middle of the summer holidays to discuss the Protection Act and five different Communist Acts. On the same day, a delegation from the Lapua movement arrived to meet with President Relander, demanding not only a ban on communist activities but also a move to majority voting, one-man constituencies and the right to vote tied to the ability to pay taxes. A day later, Relander dissolved the cabinet despite a motion of confidence by Parliament. The cartridge depots of the Lapua cartridge factory and Ilmajoki armory were transferred to southern Finland by Minister of Defense Juho Niukkanen before his resignation in the case of a coup. Svinhufvud was appointed the new prime minister on 4 July. Exceptionally, he did not involve parliamentary groups in the cabinet negotiations, but allowed the leadership of the Lapua movement to influence its program and composition.^[2][3]

The next day, the activists of the Lapua movement forced their way into a meeting of the Constitutional Committee, from where they abducted socialist MPs Eino Pekkala and Jalmari Rötkö. On July 6, Interior Minister Erkki Kuokkanen ordered all 23 Communist MPs to be imprisoned on suspicion of “treason”. The government also demanded that Pekkala and Rötkö be handed over to the authorities, or that it not going to participate in the peasant march celebrations. Background influencers of the Lapua movement Kai Donner and SJ Pentti urged to keep them in Lapua, but eventually Vihtori Kosola agreed to the demand, fearing the march would be ruined by the absence of the government.^[4]