Pedro I of Brazil

Pedro I
Duke of Braganza
Portrait attributed to Simplício de Sá, c. 1830
Emperor of Brazil
Reign	12 October 1822 – 7 April 1831
Coronation	1 December 1822 Imperial Chapel
Predecessor	John VI (as King of Brazil)
Successor	Pedro II
King of Portugal
Reign	10 March 1826 – 2 May 1826
Predecessor	John VI
Successor	Maria II
Born	(1798-10-12)12 October 1798 Queluz Palace, Queluz, Portugal
Died	24 September 1834(1834-09-24) (aged 35) Queluz Palace, Queluz, Portugal
Burial	Porto's Lapa Church (heart) Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza (body; until 1972) Monument to the Independence of Brazil (body; since 1972)
Spouses	Maria Leopoldina of Austria ​ ​ (m. 1817; died 1826)​ Amélie of Leuchtenberg ​ ​ (m. 1829)​
Issue	Maria II, Queen of Portugal João Carlos, Prince of Beira Januária, Princess Imperial of Brazil Princess Paula Francisca, Princess of Joinville Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil Princess Maria Amélia Illegitimate: Isabel Maria, Duchess of Goiás Maria Isabel, Countess of Iguaçu
Names Pedro de Alcântara Francisco António João Carlos Xavier de Paula Miguel Rafael Joaquim José Gonzaga Pascoal Cipriano Serafim
House	Braganza
Father	John VI of Portugal
Mother	Carlota Joaquina of Spain
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Dom Pedro I (12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834) was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil, where he was known as "the Liberator". As King Dom Pedro IV, he reigned briefly over Portugal, where he also became known as "the Liberator" as well as "the Soldier King".^[A] Born in Lisbon, Pedro I was the fourth child of King Dom John VI of Portugal and Queen Carlota Joaquina, and thus a member of the House of Braganza. When the country was invaded by French troops in 1807, he and his family fled to Portugal's largest and wealthiest colony, Brazil.

The outbreak of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 in Lisbon compelled Pedro I's father to return to Portugal in April 1821, leaving him to rule Brazil as regent. He had to deal with challenges from revolutionaries and insubordination by Portuguese troops, all of which he subdued. The Portuguese government's threat to revoke the political autonomy that Brazil had enjoyed since 1808 was met with widespread discontent in Brazil. Pedro I chose the Brazilian side and declared Brazil's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822. On 12 October, he was acclaimed Brazilian emperor and by March 1824 had defeated all armies loyal to Portugal. A few months later, Pedro I crushed the short-lived Confederation of the Equator, a failed secession attempt by provincial rebels in Brazil's northeast.

A secessionist rebellion in the southern province of Cisplatina in early 1825, and the subsequent attempt by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to annex it, led the Empire into the Cisplatine War. In March 1826, Pedro I briefly became king of Portugal before abdicating in favor of his eldest daughter, Dona Maria II. The situation worsened in 1828 when the war in the south resulted in Brazil's loss of Cisplatina. During the same year in Lisbon, Maria II's throne was usurped by Prince Dom Miguel, Pedro I's younger brother. The Emperor's concurrent and scandalous sexual affair with Domitila de Castro tarnished his reputation. Other difficulties arose in the Brazilian parliament, where a struggle over whether the government would be chosen by the monarch or by the legislature dominated political debates from 1826 to 1831. Unable to deal with problems in both Brazil and Portugal simultaneously, on 7 April 1831 Pedro I abdicated in favor of his son Dom Pedro II, and sailed for Europe.

Pedro I invaded Portugal at the head of an army in July 1832. Faced at first with what seemed a national civil war, he soon became involved in a wider conflict that enveloped the Iberian Peninsula in a struggle between proponents of liberalism and those seeking a return to absolutism. Pedro I died of tuberculosis in September 1834, just a few months after he and the liberals had emerged victorious. He was hailed by both contemporaries and posterity as a key figure who helped spread the liberal ideals that allowed Brazil and Portugal to move from absolutist regimes to representative forms of government.
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