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Physical intimacy
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Physical intimacy is sensuous proximity or touching. It is an act or reaction, such as an expression of feelings (including close friendship, platonic love, romantic love, or sexual attraction), between people. Examples of physical intimacy include being inside someone's personal space, holding hands, hugging, kissing, caressing and sexual activity.[1] Physical intimacy can often convey the real meaning or intention of an interaction in a way that accompanying speech cannot do. Physical intimacy can be exchanged between any people but as it is often used to communicate positive and intimate feelings, it most often occurs in people who have a preexisting relationship, whether familial, platonic or romantic, with romantic relationships having increased physical intimacy. Several forms of romantic touch have been noted including holding hands, hugging, kissing, cuddling, as well as caressing and massaging. Physical affection is highly correlated with overall relationship and partner satisfaction.[2]
It is possible to be physically intimate with someone without actually touching them; however, a certain proximity is necessary. For instance, a sustained eye contact is considered a form of physical intimacy, analogous to touching. When a person enters someone else's personal space for the purpose of being intimate, it is physical intimacy, regardless of the lack of actual physical contact.
Most people partake in physical intimacy, which is a natural part of interpersonal relationships and human sexuality, and research has shown it has health benefits. A hug or touch can result in the release of the hormone oxytocin and in a reduction in stress hormones.[3] Massages, stroking and cuddling have furthermore shown that they have widespread beneficial effects on well-being. The most pronounced effects can be found for a reduction of pain as well as feelings of depression and anxiety. However, also blood pressure and momentary mood can be improved through physical touch.[4]
Due to the important role that language-based communication plays in humans, the role of touch is often downplayed; however, there is ample evidence that physical touch still plays an important role in everyday human relationships. While humans often communicate verbally, they also participate in close contact. Physical touch has emotional and social connotations that often far outweigh anything that can be expressed via language.[5]
Inducements towards physical intimacy can come from various sources. During colder seasons, humans as well as other animals seek physical intimacy with one another as a means to apportion thermoregulation.[6] Some forms of physical touch among monkeys and apes serve multiple functions, including cleaning, treatment of a lice influx or infection and social grooming.[7]
Some forms of physical intimacy may be received negatively. This attitude is especially marked amongst those with haphephobia.[8] One study has shown that there is generally a higher level of physical intimacy allowed between immediate family members than between second-degree relatives.[9] Intimacy norms are usually more negative near erogenous zones. Some jurisdictions may specify this as referring to the genitals, buttocks and female breasts.[10]
- ^ Cf. [1] Archived 2007-11-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Guéguen, Nicolas; Fischer-Lokou, Jacques (February 2003). "Another Evaluation of Touch and Helping Behavior". Psychological Reports. 92 (1): 62–64. doi:10.2466/pr0.2003.92.1.62. ISSN 0033-2941. PMID 12674258. S2CID 30706840.
- ^ Romney, Chelsea; Arroyo, Carmen; Robles, Theodore; Zawadski, Matthew (2023-03-30). "Hugs and Cortisol Awakening Response". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 20 (7). International Journal of Environmental and Public Health. doi:10.3390/ijerph20075340. PMC 10094596. PMID 37047955.
- ^ Packheiser, Julian; Hartmann, Helena; Fredriksen, Kelly; Gazzola, Valeria; Keysers, Christian; Michon, Frédéric (2024). "A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis of the physical and mental health benefits of touch interventions". Nature Human Behaviour. 8 (6): 1088–1107. doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01841-8. PMC 11199149. PMID 38589702.
- ^ Burgoon, Judee K. (1991). "Relational message interpretations of touch, conversational distance, and posture". Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 15 (4): 233–259. doi:10.1007/bf00986924. ISSN 0191-5886. S2CID 144507275.
- ^ Stabentheiner, Anton, et al. "Endothermic heat production in honeybee winter clusters." Journal of Experimental Biology 206.2 (2003): 353-358.
- ^ Diezinger, F. T., and J. R. Anderson. "Starting from scratch: A first look at a "displacement activity" in group‐living rhesus monkeys." American Journal of Primatology 11.2 (1986): 117-124.
- ^ Synnott, Anthony. "Bodily senses." The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality (2015).
- ^ "The Body Map of Acceptable Social Touching - PsyBlog". Spring.org.uk. 28 October 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
- ^ Stein, Nan. "Sexual harassment in school: The public performance of gendered violence." Harvard educational review 65.2 (1995): 145-163.
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