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Portugal
Portuguese Republic República Portuguesa (Portuguese) | |
|---|---|
| Anthem: A Portuguesa "The Portuguese" | |
.svg)  Location of Portugal (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) | |
| Capital and largest city | Lisbon 38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.150°W |
| Official languages | Portuguese |
| Recognised regional languages | Mirandese[a] |
| Nationality (2023)[3] |
|
| Religion (2021)[4] |
|
| Demonym(s) | Portuguese |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic[5][b] |
| Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | |
| Luís Montenegro | |
• Speaker | José Pedro Aguiar-Branco |
| Legislature | Assembly of the Republic |
| Establishment | |
• County | 868 |
| 24 June 1128 | |
• Kingdom | 25 July 1139 |
| 5 October 1143 | |
| 23 May 1179 | |
| 23 September 1822 | |
• Republic | 5 October 1910 |
| 25 April 1974 | |
| 25 April 1976[c] | |
| Area | |
• Total | 92,230 km2 (35,610 sq mi)[7][8] (109th) |
• Water (%) | 1.2 (2015)[6] |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate |  10,639,726[9] (88th) |
• 2021 census |  10,343,066[10] |
• Density | 115.4/km2 (298.9/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $508.508 billion[11] (51st) |
• Per capita | $49,237[11] (40th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $303.032 billion[11] (47th) |
• Per capita | $29,341[11] (41st) |
| Gini (2023) |  33.7[12]medium inequality |
| HDI (2022) | 0.874[13] very high (42nd) |
| Currency | Euro[d] (€) (EUR) |
| Time zone | UTC (WET) UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (WEST) UTC (Atlantic/Azores) |
| Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind. | |
| Drives on | Right |
| Calling code | +351 |
| ISO 3166 code | PT |
| Internet TLD | .pt |
Portugal,[e] officially the Portuguese Republic,[f] is a country in the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it shares the longest uninterrupted border in the European Union; to the south and the west is the North Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and southwest lie the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, which are two autonomous regions of Portugal. Lisbon is the capital and largest city, followed by Porto, which is the only other metropolitan area.
The western part of the Iberian Peninsula has been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times, with the earliest signs of settlement dating to 5500 BC.[14] Celtic and Iberian peoples arrived in the first millennium BC. The region came under Roman control in the second century BC, followed by a succession of Germanic peoples and the Alans from the fifth to eighth centuries AD. Muslims conquered the entirety of Portugal's current mainland in the eighth century, but they were gradually expelled by the Christian Reconquista over the next several centuries. Modern Portugal began taking shape during this period, initially as a county of the Christian Kingdom of León in 868, officially declared a sovereign Kingdom with the Treaty of Zamora in 1143.[15]
During the Age of Discovery, the Kingdom of Portugal settled Madeira and the Azores, and established itself as a major economic and political power, largely through its maritime empire, which extended mostly along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts.[16] Portuguese explorers and merchants were instrumental in establishing trading posts and colonies that enabled control over spices and slave trades.[17] While Portugal expanded its influence globally, its political and military power faced internal and external challenges towards the end of the 16th century. The dynastic crisis marked the beginning of the country's political decline that led to the Iberian Union (1580-1640), a period in which Portugal was united under Spanish rule.[18] While maintaining a degree of self-governance, the union strained Portugal’s autonomy and drew it into conflicts with European powers which targeted Portuguese territories and trade routes.[19] Portugal's prior opulence was further diminished by a series of events, such as the Portuguese Restoration War and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which destroyed the city and damaged the empire's economy.[20]
The Napoleonic Wars motivated the Portuguese royal family to relocate to Brazil in 1807. This event reshaped the relationship between Portugal and Brazil, culminating in Brazilian independence in 1822,[21] which indirectly led to a civil war between liberals and absolutists from 1828 to 1834.[22] The monarchy was overthrown in the 5 October 1910 revolution, which led to the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic. A phase of unrest ultimately led to the rise of authoritarian regimes of the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo.[23] Democracy was finally restored following the Carnation Revolution of 1974, and brought an end to the Portuguese Colonial War, allowing the last of Portugal’s African territories to achieve independence.[24]
Portugal's imperial history has left a cultural legacy, with around 300 million Portuguese speakers around the world. Today, it is a developed country with an advanced economy relying chiefly upon services, industry, and tourism. Portugal, a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, and the Council of Europe, was one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.
- ^ "Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community)". Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, europa.eu – European Commission website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
aimawas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Censos2021was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Constitution of Portugal, Preamble" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
- ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". ine.pt. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ^ "Portugal country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
- ^ "População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023". ine.pt. INE. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ "Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década". Statistics Portugal - Web Portal. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Portugal)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
- ^ "A taxa de risco de pobreza aumentou para 17,0% em 2022 - 2023". www.ine.pt. INE. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ "The World Factbook". cia.gov. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
- ^ Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, Nation and identity in contemporary Europe Archived 5 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, p. 145, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-12313-5
- ^ Axelson, Eric; Boxer, C. R. (June 1970). "The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825". The Geographical Journal. 136 (2): 296. doi:10.2307/1796339. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1796339.
- ^ Russell-Wood, A. J. R. (1998). The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808. Johns Hopkins University Press. doi:10.1353/book.77743. ISBN 978-1-4214-4120-7.
- ^ António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal. 1972, p. 322. Boris Fausto, A Concise History of Brazil, p. 40.
- ^ Newitt, Malyn (5 November 2004). A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668. doi:10.4324/9780203324042. ISBN 978-1-134-55304-4.
- ^ Maxwell, Kenneth (1990), "Pombal: the Paradox of Enlightenment and Despotism", Enlightened Absolutism, London: Macmillan Education UK, pp. 75–118, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4, ISBN 978-0-333-43961-6, retrieved 13 November 2024
- ^ Dean, Warren; Barman, Roderick J. (December 1990). "Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852". The American Historical Review. 95 (5): 1663. doi:10.2307/2162941. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 2162941.
- ^ Birmingham, David (28 March 2018). A Concise History of Portugal. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108539951. ISBN 978-1-108-42419-6.
- ^ "Portugal", Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century, Routledge, pp. 45–46, 11 June 2014, doi:10.4324/9781315845296-16, ISBN 978-1-315-84529-6, retrieved 13 November 2024
- ^ Minter, William; Cann, John P. (September 1998). "Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974". African Studies Review. 41 (2): 182. doi:10.2307/524850. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524850.
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