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Pro-drop language
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A pro-drop language (from "pronoun-dropping") is a language in which certain classes of pronouns may be omitted when they can be pragmatically or grammatically inferable. The precise conditions vary from language to language, and can be quite intricate. The phenomenon of "pronoun-dropping" is part of the larger topic of zero or null anaphora.[1] The connection between pro-drop languages and null anaphora relates to the fact that a dropped pronoun has referential properties, and so is crucially not a null dummy pronoun.
Pro-drop is a problem when translating to a non-pro-drop language such as English, which requires the pronoun to be added, especially noticeable in machine translation.[2] It can also contribute to transfer errors in language learning.[citation needed]
An areal feature of some European languages is that pronoun dropping is not, or seldom, possible (see Standard Average European); this is the case for English, French, German,[3] and Emilian dialect, among others.[4] In contrast, Japanese,[5] Mandarin Chinese, Slavic languages,[6] Finno-Ugric languages, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Kra-Dai languages, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese[7] exhibit frequent pro-drop features. Some languages, such as Greek and Hindi[8] also exhibit pro-drop in any argument.
- ^ Welo, Eirik (24 September 2013). "Null Anaphora". Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics. doi:10.1163/2214-448x_eagll_com_00000254.
- ^ Wang, Longyue; Tu, Zhaopeng; Zhang, Xiaojun; Liu, Siyou; Li, Hang; Way, Andy; Liu, Qun (2017-06-01). "A novel and robust approach for pro-drop language translation". Machine Translation. 31 (1): 65–87. doi:10.1007/s10590-016-9184-9. hdl:1893/24678. ISSN 1573-0573. S2CID 10567431.
- ^ Martin Haspelmath, The European linguistic area: Standard Average European, in Martin Haspelmath, et al., Language Typology and Language Universals, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 1492-1510
- ^ Fabio Foresti, Dialetti emiliano-romagnoli, Enciclopedia Treccani
- ^ Zushi, Mihoko (2003-04-01). "Null arguments: the case of Japanese and Romance". Lingua. Formal Japanese syntax and universal grammar: the past 20 years. 113 (4): 559–604. doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(02)00085-2. ISSN 0024-3841.
- ^ Kordić, Snježana (2001). Wörter im Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen [Serbo-Croatian Words on the Border Between Lexicon and Grammar]. Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; 18 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. pp. 10–12. ISBN 978-3-89586-954-9. LCCN 2005530313. OCLC 47905097. OL 2863539W. CROSBI 426497. Summary.
- ^ Shlonsky, Ur (2009). "Hebrew as a partial null-subject language*". Studia Linguistica. 63 (1): 133–157. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9582.2008.01156.x. ISSN 1467-9582.
- ^ Butt, Miriam (2001-01-01). "Case, Agreement, Pronoun Incorporation and Pro-Drop in South Asian Languages". ResearchGate.
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