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Proteales
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2015) |
| Proteales Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Protea cynaroides | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Proteales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl[1] |
| Families | |
| Synonyms | |
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synonymy
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Proteales is an order of flowering plants consisting of three (or four) families. The Proteales have been recognized by almost all taxonomists.
The representatives of the Proteales are very different from each other due to their very early divergence. They possess seeds with little or no endosperm. The ovules are often atropic.
The oldest fossils of Proteales are of the nelumbonaceous genus Notocyamus from the Barremian stage of the Early Cretaceous of Brazil,[2] 126-121 Ma (million years ago). According to molecular clock calculations, the lineage that led to Proteales split from other plants about 128 Ma[3] or 125 Ma.[4]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
apgiiiwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Gobo, William Vieira; Kunzmann, Lutz; Iannuzzi, Roberto; dos Santos, Thamiris Barbosa; da Conceição, Domingas Maria; Rodrigues do Nascimento, Daniel; da Silva Filho, Wellington Ferreira; Bachelier, Julien B.; Coiffard, Clément (2023-06-02). "A new remarkable Early Cretaceous nelumbonaceous fossil bridges the gap between herbaceous aquatic and woody protealeans". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 8978. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33356-z. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 10238487.
- ^ Magallon, S; Gomez-Acevedo, S; Sanchez-Reyes, LL; Tania Hernandez-Hernandez, T (2015). "A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity". New Phytologist. 207: 437–453. doi:10.1111/nph.13264.
- ^ Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014). "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times". Nature Communications. 5 (4956): 4956. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.4956Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms5956. PMC 4200517. PMID 25249442.
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