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Ramadan
| Ramadan رَمَضَان | |
|---|---|
 From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan; Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran; community iftar meal in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tarawih prayers in a mosque in West Sumatra, Indonesia; foods served at a traditional iftar meal; Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem; zakat donation boxes in Taipei, Taiwan. | |
| Observed by | Muslims |
| Type | Islamic |
| Celebrations | Community iftars and prayers |
| Observances | |
| Begins | At the last night of the month of Sha'ban[1] |
| Ends | At the last night of the month of Ramadan[1] |
| Date | Variable (follows the Islamic lunar calendar)[2][3] |
| 2024 date | 11/12 March – 9/10 April[a] |
| Frequency | Annual (lunar calendar) |
| Related to | |
Ramadan[b] (Arabic: رَمَضَان, romanized: Ramaḍān [ra.ma.dˤaːn];[c] also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar,[10] observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.[11] A commemoration of Muhammad's first revelation,[12] the annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam[13] and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next.[14][15]
Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (fard) for all adult Muslims who are not acutely or chronically ill, travelling, elderly, breastfeeding, diabetic, pregnant, or menstruating.[16] The predawn meal is referred to as suhur, and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called iftar.[17][18] Although rulings (fatawa) have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca,[19] it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which night can be distinguished from day.[20][21][22]
The spiritual rewards (thawab) of fasting are believed to be multiplied during Ramadan.[23] Accordingly, during the hours of fasting, Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also tobacco products, sexual relations, and sinful behavior,[24][25] devoting themselves instead to prayer and study of the Quran.[26][27]
- ^ a b Clark, Malcolm (2003). Islam For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7645-5503-9.
- ^ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ "Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28". aljazeera.com/. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
- ^ Hijri Calendar Ramadan 1445 at IslamicFinder.org. Retrieved 5 April 2024;
- ^ Mahima Sharma. "Ramadan 2024 Date and fasting rituals." Times of India. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.
- ^ "Ramadan". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Ramadan". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Ramadan". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Ramadan". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 3 March 2020.
- ^ BBC – Religions Archived 28 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 25 July 2012
- ^ "Ramadan: Fasting and Traditions". Archived from the original on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ "Ramadan 2020: Date, importance, wishes, quotes, messages, and pictures". India Today. 23 April 2020.
- ^ "Schools – Religions". BBC. Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad (28 January 2009). "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 13 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
- ^ Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – p. 24
- ^ Dubai – p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010
- ^ "Ramadan in the Farthest North". Saudi Aramco World. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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ArcticRamadanwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ Smith, Jane I. (2010). Islam in America. Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-14710-1. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
- ^ Hotaling, Edward (2003). Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future. Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8156-0766-3. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
- ^ Abu Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
- ^ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199". hadithcollection.com. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
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