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Romani people in Poland
Romowie w Polsce | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| Approx. 50,000 (2011, census, Indo-Aryan origins) Indo-Aryan origins (including those of ancestral descent) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Małopolskie, Dolnośląskie, Mazowieckie, Warsaw, Poznań, Wrocław, Łódź, Kraków, Mielec, Puławy and Nowa Dęba regions. | |
| Languages | |
| Baltic Romani, Polish, Kashubian, German | |
| Religion | |
| Majority Roman Catholicism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Romani people in Belarus, Romani people in the Czech Republic, Romani people in Germany, Romani people in Hungary, Romani people in Lithuania, Romani people in Slovakia |
The Romani people in Poland (Polish: Romowie w Polsce) are an ethnic minority group of Indo-Aryan origins in Poland.[1] The Council of Europe regards the endonym "Roma" as more appropriate when referencing the people, and "Romani" when referencing cultural characteristics.[2] The term Cyganie (IPA: [t͡sɘˈɡaɲɛ]) is considered an exonym in Poland.[3]
Major Roma subgroups in Poland include: the Polska (Polska Roma), Kalderash, Lovari and Bergitka Roma;[4] the Polska Roma are the largest subgroup.[2]
The recorded history of the Romani people in Poland dates to the 15th century. As per historical linguistic evidence, the Roma likely arrived in present-day Poland between 1400 and 1500.[5] Further evidence from the 20th century exhibits the Roma's persecution by occupying forces of Nazi Germany during the Holocaust,[6] and subsequent alienation in the Polish People's Republic.[7] The collapse of the Eastern Bloc and Poland's transformation brought about societal and economic developments for the Roma.[8] The Romani language is composed of several dialects, influenced by Slavic languages.[9] Rituals followed, such as the "Romani Caravan of Memory", pertain to the Roma's history in Poland.[10] There is also a significant local adherence to a culturally influenced Roman Catholicism.[11]
Compiled evidence from the early 21st century shows that the Roma experience difficulties and successes in acquiring quality housing in Poland.[12] Roma children are also reported to be enrolled in school, with some requiring 'special-needs' assistance.[13] Roma continue to experience tensions such as high unemployment rates,[12] forced evictions, violence and societal ostracisation.[12]
- ^ Świętek, Agnieszka (2019). "Romani women and their significance for the education of the Romani minority in Poland". Hungarian Educational Research Journal. 9. doi:10.1080/01924036.2013.813398. S2CID 154862934. Retrieved 10 April 2021 – via AKJournals.
- ^ a b Celinska, Katarzyna (2014). "The Polish Roma: From a persecuted to a protected minority". International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice. 38 (2): 157–171. doi:10.1080/01924036.2013.813398. S2CID 154862934 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- ^ Świętek, Agnieszka (2019). "Romani women and their significance for the education of the Romani minority in Poland". Hungarian Educational Research Journal. 9 – via AKJournals.
- ^ Michna, Ewa (29 April 2020). Identity Strategies of Stateless Ethnic Minority Groups in Contemporary Poland. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030415754 – via Google Books.
- ^ Meyer, Anna-Maria (2020). "The Impact of Slavic Languages on Romani". The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics. pp. 261–301. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28105-2_9. ISBN 978-3-030-28104-5. S2CID 213899402.
- ^ Hancock, Ian (2004). Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and Overview. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 383–396.
- ^ Puckett, Lisa (2005). "Barriers to access: Social services and the Roma of Poland". International Social Work. 48: 621–631. doi:10.1177/0020872805055327. S2CID 143657527 – via SAGE Journals.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
refworld_49749cc828was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Matras, Yaron (2020). The Palgrave Handbook of Romani Language and Linguistics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 261–301.
- ^ Kapralski, Slawomir (2005). "Ritual of memory in constructing the modern identity of Eastern European Romanies". In Nicholas Saul; Susan Tebbutt (eds.). The role of the Romanies: Images and counter-images of 'Gypsies'/Romanies in European cultures. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. pp. 208–225. ISBN 9780853236894.
- ^ Niedźwiecka, Dorota. "Wiara po romsku".
- ^ a b c "Poland: Situation and treatment of Roma, including employment, housing, health, and education; state protection (2009-2012)". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
- ^ Fagasinski, M. (2012). ENAR Shadow Report. Racism and Related Discriminatory Practices in Poland.. European Network Against Racism.
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