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Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)
| East Prussian campaign | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Eastern Front of World War I | |||||||||
&sq=crain_ford&lang=en&file=File:BattleOfTannenberg1.jpg) Eastern Front, 17–23 August 1914. | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 German Empire |
 Russian Empire | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Max Hoffmann Maximilian von Prittwitz |
Nicholas Nikolaevich Yakov Zhilinsky Paul von Rennenkampf Alexander Samsonov † Vasily Flug | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
|
VIII Army |
I Army II Army | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
Initial: 209,000 men[a] 1,044 guns[5] |
Initial: 1st Army: 150,000 and 702 guns 2nd army: 100,000 men and 402 guns Total: 250,000–400,000[6] men and 1,100 guns[7][b] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Official German medical reports: Other estimates: Stallupönen – 1,300;[11] Gumbinnen – 14,600;[12] Tannenberg – 12,000;[13] Masurian lakes – 10,000[14] or 40,000[15][16][17] Total: 37,000[18]–100,000[19] |
Tanneberg: 90,000[Note 1][20] Masurian Lakes: 100,000[21][22][Note 2] Gumbinnen: 18,000 Stalluppen: 6,000[23] Total: 160,000–240,000 casualties 60,000–100,000 taken prisoner[19][20] | ||||||||
The Russian invasion of East Prussia occurred during World War I, lasting from August to September 1914. As well as being the natural course for the Russian Empire to take upon the declaration of war on the German Empire, it was also an attempt to focus the Imperial German Army on the Eastern Front, as opposed to the Western Front. Despite having an overwhelming superiority over the Germans in numbers, the invading Imperial Russian Army spread its forces thin and was defeated in the battles of Tannenberg and the Masurian Lakes, resulting in a complete strategic collapse of the Russian invasion.
The shock of the invasion served to assist the German war effort. According to Alexander Watson "Outrage at the violation of national territory and Tsarist atrocities strengthened German solidarity, cemented conviction in the righteousness of the national cause, and acted as a terrible and lasting warning of the penalties of defeat".[24]
- ^ XI Corps, Guards Reserve Corps, 8th Cavalry Division
- ^ Sanitaetsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer (Deutsche Feldund Besatzungsheer) im Weltkriege 1914/1918. Bd. III. p. 36, Bd. II. p. 477
- ^ Sanitaetsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer (Deutsche Feldund Besatzungsheer) im Weltkriege 1914/1918. Bd. III. B., 1934. Taffel 11
- ^ Borisyuk 2024, p. 40.
- ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 28.
- ^ Nelipovich 2017, p. 17.
- ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 27.
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович: Два похода. Борьба за Восточную Пруссию в августе-октябре 1914 года, 2020, p. 110
- ^ С. Г. Нелипович: Два похода. Борьба за Восточную Пруссию в августе-октябре 1914 года, 2020, p. 99
- ^ С.Г. Нелипович, 2019, р. 23
- ^ Tannenberg 1914, 2005, p. 18.
- ^ Tannenberg 1914, 2005; p. 32
- ^ Hastings, Max., 2013; p. 281
- ^ David Eggenberger, 2012, p. 270
- ^ Spencer C. Tucker. World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. 2014. p. 1048
- ^ Timothy C. Dowling. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014. p. 509
- ^ Prit Buttar. Collision of Empires: The War on the Eastern Front in 1914. Osprey Publishing. 2014. p. 239
- ^ Der Weltkrieg 1914 – 1918. Band 2. S. 317, 346
- ^ a b M. Hughes, W. Philpott. The Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of the First World War. Springer. 2005. P. VI
- ^ a b Oleynikov 2016, p. 233.
- ^ Олейников А. В. "Крах австро–германского «блицкрига»". // Битва гвардий. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ Alfred Knox. Major General with the Russian Army (1914–1917). (1921) P. 90
- ^ Головин Н. Н. Из истории кампании 1914 года на русском фронте. Начало войны и операции в Восточной Пруссии: С прил. карт и схем на отдельных листах. — Прага : Пламя, 1926. — 436 с., 15 с.
- ^ Watson, Alexander (2015). Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary at war 1914-1918. London: Penguin Books. p. 206.
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الغزو الروسي لبروسيا الشرقية (1914) Arabic روسیه نین دوغو پروسی ایستیلاسی AZB Усходне-Пруская аперацыя (1914) BE Invasió russa de Prússia Oriental Catalan Ostpreußische Operation (1914) German Ekialdeko Prusiako ofentsiba (1914) EU הפלישה הרוסית לפרוסיה המזרחית HE Invasi Prusia Timur oleh Rusia (1914) ID Invasione russa della Prussia Orientale Italian აღმოსავლეთ პრუსიის ოპერაცია (1914) KA
