Russo-Turkish wars

Russo-Turkish wars
	Part of Ottoman wars in Europe
	; Left to right from the top: Siege of Ochakov, Siege of Izmail, Siege of Sevastopol, Siege of Plevna, Battle of Sarikamish, Erzurum Offensive
Date	1568–1918 (350 years)
Location	Eastern Europe, Balkans, Caucasus, Anatolia
Result	Military campaigns largely resulted in Russian victories with the exception of Ottoman victories in the Pruth River Campaign, and the Crimean War; Formation of the Soviet Union and the Republic of Turkey in 1922 and 1923, respectively; Normalization of relations until the Cold War;
Territorial; changes	Collapse and dissolution of both empires during World War I Ottomans permanently lose Crimea, Azov, their territories in current Ukraine, most of the Caucasus and Bessarabia;
Belligerents
Tsardom of Russia (1568–1721); Russian Empire (1721–1917); Russian Republic (1917); Russian SFSR (1917–1918);	Ottoman Empire and vassal states Crimea; Egypt;

Russo-Turkish wars (Russian: Русско-турецкие войны, romanized: Russko-turetskiye voyny) or Russo-Ottoman wars (Turkish: Osmanlı-Rus savaşları) were a series of twelve wars fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in European history.^[1] Except for four wars (the war of 1676–1681, the Pruth River Campaign, the war of 1735–1739, and the Crimean War), the conflicts ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a long period of stagnation and decline; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of Peter the Great in the early 18th century.^[2]^[3]^[4]

^ Cite error: The named reference Dowlng was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Ágoston, G. (2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 12 (2). Slavica Publishers: 281–319. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.0018. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 19755686.
^ Kafadar, C. (1999). "The Question of Ottoman Decline". Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review. 4 (1–2).
^ Howard, D. A. (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Journal of Asian History. 22 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 52–77.

[Dowlng-1] Cite error: The named reference Dowlng was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:d10.1353/kri.2011.0018-2] Ágoston, G. (2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 12 (2). Slavica Publishers: 281–319. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.0018. ISSN 1538-5000. S2CID 19755686.

[:1fajsdkfsdl-3] Kafadar, C. (1999). "The Question of Ottoman Decline". Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review. 4 (1–2).

[:1fsdafd-4] Howard, D. A. (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". Journal of Asian History. 22 (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 52–77.

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v t e Russo-Turkish Wars
1568–1570 1672–1681 1686–1700 1710–1711 1735–1739 1768–1774 1787–1792 1806–1812 1828–1829 1853–1856 1877–1878 1914–1918 1916–1917
Turco-Mongol raids

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Russo-Turkish wars

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