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Sanitation
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Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking water and treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage.[1] Preventing human contact with feces is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with soap. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal–oral route.[2] For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation.[3] There are many other diseases which are easily transmitted in communities that have low levels of sanitation, such as ascariasis (a type of intestinal worm infection or helminthiasis), cholera, hepatitis, polio, schistosomiasis, and trachoma, to name just a few.
A range of sanitation technologies and approaches exists. Some examples are community-led total sanitation, container-based sanitation, ecological sanitation, emergency sanitation, environmental sanitation, onsite sanitation and sustainable sanitation. A sanitation system includes the capture, storage, transport, treatment and disposal or reuse of human excreta and wastewater.[4] Reuse activities within the sanitation system may focus on the nutrients, water, energy or organic matter contained in excreta and wastewater. This is referred to as the "sanitation value chain" or "sanitation economy".[5][6] The people responsible for cleaning, maintaining, operating, or emptying a sanitation technology at any step of the sanitation chain are called "sanitation workers".[7]: 2
Several sanitation "levels" are being used to compare sanitation service levels within countries or across countries.[8] The sanitation ladder defined by the Joint Monitoring Programme in 2016 starts at open defecation and moves upwards using the terms "unimproved", "limited", "basic", with the highest level being "safely managed".[8] This is particularly applicable to developing countries.
The Human Right to Water and Sanitation was recognized by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 2010. Sanitation is a global development priority and the subject of Sustainable Development Goal 6.[9] The estimate in 2017 by JMP states that 4.5 billion people currently do not have safely managed sanitation.[9] Lack of access to sanitation has an impact not only on public health but also on human dignity and personal safety.
- ^ "sanitation | Definition of sanitation in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^ SuSanA (2008). Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions Archived 2017-10-12 at the Wayback Machine. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
- ^ "Diarrhoeal disease". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2014-04-01. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^ Gates Foundation (2010). "Water Sanitation Hygiene Fact Sheet 2010" (PDF). Gates Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^ Paranipe, Nitin (19 September 2017). "The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis". Thomson Reuters Foundation News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
- ^ Introducing the Sanitation Economy (PDF). Toilet Board Coalition. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-31. Retrieved 2017-12-19.
- ^ World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers: An Initial Assessment Archived 2022-12-11 at the Wayback Machine. World Bank, Washington, DC.
- ^ a b "Sanitation | JMP". washdata.org. Archived from the original on 2021-07-21. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
- ^ a b WHO and UNICEF (2017) Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines Archived 2019-07-25 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 2017
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