Second Syrian Republic

35°00′00″N 38°00′00″E / 35.0000°N 38.0000°E / 35.0000; 38.0000

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Syrian Republic الجمهورية السورية (Arabic) al-Jumhūrīyah as-Sūriyyah (1950–1958) Syrian Arab Republic الجمهورية العربية السورية (Arabic) al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah (1961–1963)
1950–1963
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: "Ḥumāt ad-Diyār" (English: "Guardians of the Homeland")[1]
Status	Component of the United Arab Republic (1958–61)
Capital	Damascus
Largest city	Aleppo
Official languages	Arabic
Recognised languages	Syriac Armenian Kurdish
Religion	Islam (all branches incl. Alawite) Christianity Judaism Druzism Yazidism
Demonym(s)	Syrian
Government	Unitary parliamentary republic (1950–1951, 1954–1958, 1961–1963) Military dictatorship (1951–1954)
President
• 1950–1951	Hashim al-Atassi (first)
• 1961–1963	Nazim al-Kudsi (last)
Military Strongman
• 1948–1954	Adib Shishakli
Prime Minister
• 1950	Nazim al-Kudsi (first)
• 1962–1963	Khalid al-Azm (last)
Historical era	Cold War
• Independence of First Syrian Republic	17 April 1946
• New constitution adopted	5 September 1950
• Merger with Egypt	22 February 1958
• Republic restored	28 September 1961
• Ba'athist seizure of power	8 March 1963
Area
• Total	189,880 km2 (73,310 sq mi)
Currency	Syrian pound
ISO 3166 code	SY
Preceded by Succeeded by 1950 First Syrian Republic 1961 United Arab Republic 1958 United Arab Republic 1963 Ba'athist Syria
Today part of	Syrian Arab Republic (Syrian Transitional Government) Syrian Interim Government Israel (Golan Heights) Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

Part of a series on the
History of Syria
Prehistory
Levantine corridor Natufian culture Halaf culture Uruk period Abu Hureyra Aswad Yarmukian culture
Bronze Age
Amorites Akkadian Empire Arameans Canaanites Middle Assyrian Empire Ebla Nagar Yamhad Qatna Mari Ugarit Emar Late Bronze Age collapse
Antiquity
Aram-Damascus Syro-Hittite states Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Syria Seleucid Syria Parthian Empire Roman Syria Palmyrene Empire Byzantine Syria
Middle Ages
Muslim conquest (636) Caliphal Syria (Bilad al-Sham) Umayyad Syria Abbasid Syria Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Zangid dynasty Hamdanid dynasty Mirdasid dynasty Fatimid Syria Saljuqid Syria Crusader states County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Ayyubid Syria (1174–1260) Mamluk Syria (1260–1516)
Early modern
Ottoman Syria (1516–1918)
Modern
Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920) French Mandate Syrian Federation (1922–25) State of Syria (1925–30) Mandatory Republic (1930–46) Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–50) Second Syrian Republic (1950–58, 1961–63) United Arab Republic (1958–61) Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) Syrian civil war (2011–2024) Syrian transitional government (2024–present)
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The Second Syrian Republic,^[2][3] officially the Syrian Republic^[a] from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic^[b] from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic that had become de facto independent in April 1946 from the French Mandate. The Second Republic was founded on the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1953 to 1954 under Adib Shishakli's strongmanship, and later when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt in forming the United Arab Republic in 1958. The Second Republic resumed when Syria withdrew from the union in 1961. In 1963, the Syrian Ba'athist Party came to power in a bloodless military coup, which laid the foundations for the political structure in Ba'athist Syria.

The green, white, black and red flag is the first flag of the Syrian Arab Republic and with the shortest usage, that being from 1961 to 1963. It was also the flag of the Syrian opposition during the Syrian civil war, and became the de facto flag of Syria anew in 2024.^[4][5]

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