Stingray

Stingrays Temporal range: Early Cretaceous to recent[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Southern stingray (Hypanus americanus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Order:	Myliobatiformes
Suborder:	Myliobatoidei Compagno, 1973
Families
Hexatrygonoidea Hexatrygonidae Urolophoidea Plesiobatidae Urolophidae Dasyatoidea Urotrygonidae Dasyatidae Potamotrygonidae Gymnuridae †Dasyomyliobatidae Myliobatidae †Rhombodontidae

Stingrays are a group of sea rays, a type of cartilaginous fish. They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes and consist of eight families: Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray), Plesiobatidae (deepwater stingray), Urolophidae (stingarees), Urotrygonidae (round rays), Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays), Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays), Gymnuridae (butterfly rays) and Myliobatidae (eagle rays).^[2][3] There are about 220 known stingray species organized into 29 genera.

Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. Some species, such as the thorntail stingray (Dasyatis thetidis), are found in warmer temperate oceans and others, such as the deepwater stingray (Plesiobatis daviesi), are found in the deep ocean. The river stingrays and a number of whiptail stingrays (such as the Niger stingray (Fontitrygon garouaensis)) are restricted to fresh water. Most myliobatoids are demersal (inhabiting the next-to-lowest zone in the water column), but some, such as the pelagic stingray and the eagle rays, are pelagic.^[4]

Stingray species are progressively becoming threatened or vulnerable to extinction, particularly as the consequence of unregulated fishing.^[5] As of 2013, 45 species have been listed as vulnerable or endangered by the IUCN. The status of some other species is poorly known, leading to their being listed as data deficient.^{[citation needed]}