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Third International Theory
Third International Theory نظرية عالمية ثالثة | |
|---|---|
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| Ideology | Arab nationalism[1] Nasserism[2] Anti-imperialism[1] Islamism[1] Pan-Arabism (until the 1990s)[3][4] Pan-Africanism (since the 1990s)[5][6] Islamic socialism[7] African nationalism[7] Left-wing populism[8][9] Direct democracy[7] Non-alignment[10] Anti-Zionism |
| Political position | Left-wing |
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|---|---|---|
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Affiliations Military (Armed Forces) Leadership (History)
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The Third International Theory (Arabic: نظرية عالمية ثالثة), also known as the Third Universal Theory and Gaddafism, was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi on 15 April 1973 in his Zuwara speech,[11] on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based. It combined elements of Arab nationalism, Nasserism,[12] Anti-imperialism, Islamic socialism, left-wing populism,[13][14] African nationalism, Pan-Arabism,[15] and it was partly influenced by the principles of direct democracy.[7] Another source that the Gaddafi draws from is Islamic fundamentalism; he opposed formal instruction in the meaning of the Qur'an as blasphemous and argued that Muslims had strayed too far from God and the Qur'an.[1] However, Gaddafi's regime has been described as Islamist, rather than fundamentalist, for he opposed Salafism, and many Islamic fundamentalists were imprisoned during his rule.[16]
It has similarities with the system of Yugoslav socialist self-management in Titoist Yugoslavia during the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s as developed by Edvard Kardelj.[7] It was also inspired in part by the Little Red Book of Mao Zedong and the Three Worlds Theory.[17] It was proposed by Gaddafi as an alternative to capitalism and Marxism–Leninism for Third World countries, based on the stated belief that both of these ideologies had been proven invalid.[1]
The Higher Council for National Guidance was created to disseminate and implement this theory, and it found partial realization in Libya, a self-proclaimed utopian model state.[18] The fall of Gaddafi and his assassination in 2011 led to the disestablishment of his system and its replacement by the National Transitional Council.
- ^ a b c d e John, Ronald Bruce St (15 March 2023). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 356–358. ISBN 978-1-5381-5742-8.
- ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
- ^ "The Middle East in Revolt - TIME". Time. 22 February 2011.
- ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. Department of Defense], Department of the Army. pp. 203–205.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Middle East in Revolt - TIME". Time. 22 February 2011.
- ^ "African intellectuals remember late Muammar Gaddafi as pan-African".
- ^ a b c d e Iveković, Ivan (3 April 2009). "Libijska džamahirija između prošlosti i sadašnjosti – 1. Dio" [Libyan Jamahiriya between past and present – Part 1]. H-Alter – Udruga za medijsku kulturu (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
- ^ "Gaddafi: From Popular Hero to Isolated Dictator". 17 March 2011.
- ^ Beam, Jacob (12 April 2023). "Mu'ammar Gaddafi: A Populist Approach". All Digital Humanities Projects.
- ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
- ^ Vandewalle, Dirk (1991). "Qadhafi's "Perestroika": Economic and Political Liberalization in Libya". Middle East Journal. 45 (2): 216–231. ISSN 0026-3141. JSTOR 4328274.
- ^ Campbell, Horace (15 August 2013). NATO's Failure in Libya: Lessons for Africa. African Books Collective. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7983-0370-5.
- ^ "Gaddafi: From Popular Hero to Isolated Dictator". 17 March 2011.
- ^ Beam, Jacob (12 April 2023). "Mu'ammar Gaddafi: A Populist Approach". All Digital Humanities Projects.
- ^ Studies, American University (Washington, D.C.) Foreign Area (1979). Libya, a Country Study. Department of Defense], Department of the Army. pp. 203–205.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Human rights worse after Gaddafi - Libya | ReliefWeb". 14 July 2012.
- ^ Harris 1986, p. 58.
- ^ Hjärpe, Jan (1 August 1976). "Religion and ideology: Mu'ammar al-Kadhdhafi, Islam and the "Third International Theory"". Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis. 9: 56–71. doi:10.30674/scripta.67108. ISSN 2343-4937. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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