Tondo (historical polity)

Tondo Tundun[1] ᜆᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜓ
before 900[2][Notes 1]–1589[3]
Location of Tondo (colored red) in 1570.
Capital	Tondo
Common languages	Old Tagalog, Kapampangan, and Classical Malay[2]
Religion	Hinduism[4][5][6][7] Tantrayana Buddhism[4][5][6][7] Islam[Notes 2] Tagalog polytheism[8]
Government	Bayan ruled by a lakan, consisting of several barangay duchies that are ruled by the respective datu[9][5][10][11]
Lakan
• c. 900	Jayadewa, the Senapati of Tundun and Lord Minister of Pailah (according to a record of debt acquittance)
• 1450–1500[citation needed]	Gat Lontok and Dayang Kalangitan
• Late 15th century-1521	Malangsi[12]
• 1521–1575[citation needed]	Lakandula
• 1575–1589[citation needed]	Agustin de Legazpi
Historical era	Antiquity to Early modern[2][Notes 3]
• First historical mention, in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription; trade relations with the Mataram Kingdom implied[2]	before 900[2][Notes 1]
• Various proposed dates for the founding of the neighboring Rajahnate of Maynila range as early as the 1200s (see Battle of Manila (1258) and (1365)) to the 1500s (see Battle of Manila (1500))[Notes 4]	c. 1200s to c. 1500s
• Establishment of regular trade relations with the Ming dynasty[13]	1373
• Territorial conflict with Maynila during the reign of Rajah Matanda's mother[5]	c. 1520
• Fall of Manila	1570
• Battle of Bangkusay Channel[14]	1571
• Attack of Limahong and concurrent Tagalog revolt of 1574	1574
• Discovery of the Tondo Conspiracy, dissolution of indigenous rule, and integration into the Spanish East Indies	1589[3]
Currency	Piloncitos, Gold rings, and Barter[15]
Succeeded by c. 1500 Maynila 1589 Captaincy General of the Philippines Manila (province)
Today part of	Philippines

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Tondo (Tagalog: [tunˈdo]; Baybayin: ᜆᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜓ, Kapampangan: Balayan ning Tundo), erroneously referred to as the Kingdom of Tondo, was a Tagalog settlement which served as a major trade hub located on the northern part of the Pasig River delta on Luzon Island. Together with Maynila, the polity (bayan) that was also situated on the southern part of the Pasig River delta, Tondo had established a shared monopoly on the trade of Chinese goods throughout the rest of the Philippine archipelago, making it an established force in trade throughout Southeast Asia and East Asia.^[7][16][9]

Tondo is of particular interest to Filipino historians and historiographers because it is one of the oldest historically documented settlements in the Philippines. Scholars generally agree that it was mentioned in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the Philippines' oldest extant locally produced written document, dating back to 900 A.D.^[2][9][17]

Following contact with the Spanish beginning in 1570 and the defeat of local rulers in the Manila Bay area in 1571, Tondo was ruled from Intramuros, a Spanish fort built on the remains of the Maynila polity. Tondo's absorption into the Spanish Empire effectively ended its status as an independent political entity; it now exists as a district of the modern City of Manila.

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