Some modern nationalist concepts in Vietnam focused on China, where anti-Chinese sentiment in Vietnam had been fueled in various forms, from South China Sea disputes, to cultural and historical grievances, and at some stage, finding Mongolian and Manchurian rule "less civilised" or had to repel against several dynasties from the north, housing Song and Ming refugees due to these empires.[1][2] Nationalism that promoted anti-French[3] views had also been prominent in the past. Vietnam's current government propaganda is also regarded as a synthesis of socialism and nationalism.[4] Long periods of foreign domination has also created the fear that Vietnam may be "reconquered", which also tends to serve as fuel for Vietnamese nationalism.[5][6]
^Baldanza, Kathlene, ed. (2016), "Ming China and Vietnam", Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. i, ISBN978-1-107-12424-0, retrieved 2023-10-30