Chemical element with atomic number 54 (Xe)
Xenon, 54 Xe A xenon-filled
discharge tube glowing light blue
Pronunciation Appearance colorless gas, exhibiting a blue glow when placed in an electric field
Atomic number (Z ) 54 Group group 18 (noble gases) Period period 5 Block p-block Electron configuration [Kr ] 4d10 5s2 5p6 Electrons per shell 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 Phase at STP gas Melting point 161.40 K (−111.75 °C, −169.15 °F) Boiling point 165.051 K (−108.099 °C, −162.578 °F) Density when solid (at t.p. ) 3.408 g/cm3 [ 5] (at STP) 5.894 g/L when liquid (at b.p. ) 2.942 g/cm3 [ 6] Triple point 161.405 K, 81.77 kPa[ 7] Critical point 289.733 K, 5.842 MPa[ 7] Heat of fusion 2.27 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 12.64 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 21.01[ 8] J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
83
92
103
117
137
165
Oxidation states common: +2, +4, +6
0,[ 9] +8[ 10] Electronegativity Pauling scale: 2.60 Ionization energies 1st: 1170.4 kJ/mol 2nd: 2046.4 kJ/mol 3rd: 3099.4 kJ/mol Covalent radius 140±9 pm Van der Waals radius 216 pm Spectral lines of xenonNatural occurrence primordial Crystal structure face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4 ) Lattice constant a = 634.84 pm (at triple point, 161.405 K)[ 5] Thermal conductivity 5.65× 10−3 W/(m⋅K) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic [ 11] Molar magnetic susceptibility −43.9× 10−6 cm3 /mol (298 K)[ 12] Speed of sound gas: 178 m·s−1 liquid: 1090 m/s CAS Number 7440-63-3 Discovery and first isolationWilliam Ramsay and Morris Travers (1898)
Category: Xenon | references
Xenon is a chemical element ; it has symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It is a dense, colorless, odorless noble gas found in Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts.[ 17] Although generally unreactive, it can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate , the first noble gas compound to be synthesized.[ 18] [ 19] [ 20]
Xenon is used in flash lamps [ 21] and arc lamps ,[ 22] and as a general anesthetic .[ 23] The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule (Xe2 ) as the lasing medium ,[ 24] and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps .[ 25] Xenon is also used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles [ 26] and as a propellant for ion thrusters in spacecraft.[ 27]
Naturally occurring xenon consists of seven stable isotopes and two long-lived radioactive isotopes. More than 40 unstable xenon isotopes undergo radioactive decay , and the isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System .[ 28] Radioactive xenon-135 is produced by beta decay from iodine-135 (a product of nuclear fission ), and is the most significant (and unwanted) neutron absorber in nuclear reactors .[ 29]
^ "xenon". Oxford English Dictionary . Vol. 20 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press . 1989.
^ "Xenon" . Dictionary.com Unabridged . 2010. Retrieved May 6, 2010 .
^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Xenon" . CIAAW . 1999.
^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure and Applied Chemistry . doi :10.1515/pac-2019-0603 . ISSN 1365-3075 .
^ a b Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements . Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9 .
^ "Xenon" . Gas Encyclopedia . Air Liquide . 2009.
^ a b Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press . p. 4.123. ISBN 1-4398-5511-0 .
^ Hwang, Shuen-Cheng; Weltmer, William R. (2000). "Helium Group Gases". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi :10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01 . ISBN 0-471-23896-1 .
^ Xe(0) has been observed in tetraxenonogold(II) (AuXe4 2+ ).
^ Harding, Charlie; Johnson, David Arthur; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the p block . Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 93–94. ISBN 0-85404-690-9 .
^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5 .
^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4 .
^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF) . Chinese Physics C . 45 (3): 030001. doi :10.1088/1674-1137/abddae .
^ "Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124 Xe with XENON1T". Nature . 568 (7753): 532–535. 2019. doi :10.1038/s41586-019-1124-4 .
^ Albert, J. B.; Auger, M.; Auty, D. J.; Barbeau, P. S.; Beauchamp, E.; Beck, D.; Belov, V.; Benitez-Medina, C.; Bonatt, J.; Breidenbach, M.; Brunner, T.; Burenkov, A.; Cao, G. F.; Chambers, C.; Chaves, J.; Cleveland, B.; Cook, S.; Craycraft, A.; Daniels, T.; Danilov, M.; Daugherty, S. J.; Davis, C. G.; Davis, J.; Devoe, R.; Delaquis, S.; Dobi, A.; Dolgolenko, A.; Dolinski, M. J.; Dunford, M.; et al. (2014). "Improved measurement of the 2νββ half-life of 136 Xe with the EXO-200 detector". Physical Review C . 89 . arXiv :1306.6106 . Bibcode :2014PhRvC..89a5502A . doi :10.1103/PhysRevC.89.015502 .
^ Redshaw, M.; Wingfield, E.; McDaniel, J.; Myers, E. (2007). "Mass and Double-Beta-Decay Q Value of 136 Xe". Physical Review Letters . 98 (5): 53003. Bibcode :2007PhRvL..98e3003R . doi :10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.053003 .
^ "Xenon" . Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia (6th ed.). Columbia University Press. 2007. Retrieved October 23, 2007 .
^ Husted, Robert; Boorman, Mollie (December 15, 2003). "Xenon" . Los Alamos National Laboratory , Chemical Division. Retrieved September 26, 2007 .
^ Rabinovich, Viktor Abramovich; Vasserman, A. A.; Nedostup, V. I.; Veksler, L. S. (1988). Thermophysical properties of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon . National Standard Reference Data Service of the USSR. Vol. 10. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp. Bibcode :1988wdch...10.....R . ISBN 0-89116-675-0 .
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^ Sanders, Robert D.; Ma, Daqing; Maze, Mervyn (2005). "Xenon: elemental anaesthesia in clinical practice" . British Medical Bulletin . 71 (1): 115–35. doi :10.1093/bmb/ldh034 . PMID 15728132 .
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^ Ball, Philip (May 1, 2002). "Xenon outs WIMPs" . Nature . doi :10.1038/news020429-6 . Retrieved October 8, 2007 .
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