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Yahwism
| Yahwism | |
|---|---|
 Sherd of a pithos found at Kuntillet Ajrud in the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, bearing the inscription "Yahweh and his Asherah". | |
| Type | Ethnic religion |
| Theology | Henotheistic |
| Territory | Canaan |
| Origin | c. 12th–9th century BCE |
| Separations | Judaism Samaritanism |
Yahwism is the name given by modern scholars to the religion of ancient Israel and Judah.[1] An ancient Semitic religion of the Iron Age, Yahwism was essentially polytheistic and had a pantheon, with various gods and goddesses being worshipped by the Israelites.[2] At the head of this pantheon was Yahweh, held in an especially high regard as the two Israelite kingdoms' national god.[3] Some scholars hold that the goddess Asherah was worshipped as Yahweh's consort,[3] though other scholars disagree.[4] Following this duo were second-tier gods and goddesses, such as Baal, Shamash, Yarikh, Mot, and Astarte, each of whom had their own priests and prophets and numbered royalty among their devotees.[5][6]
The practices of Yahwism included festivals, ritual sacrifices, vow-making, private rituals, and the religious adjudication of legal disputes.[7] For most of its history, the Temple in Jerusalem was not the sole or central place of worship dedicated to Yahweh, with many locations throughout Israel, Judah, and Samaria.[8][9] However, it was still significant to the Israelite king, who effectively led the national religion as the national god's worldly viceroy.[10]
Yahwism underwent several redevelopments and recontextualizations as the notion of divinities aside from or comparable to Yahweh was gradually degraded by new religious currents and ideas. Possibly beginning with the hypothesized United Kingdom of Israel, the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah had a joint religious tradition comprising cultic worship of Yahweh. Later theological changes concerning the evolution of Yahweh's status initially remained largely confined to small groups,[11] only spreading to the population at large during the general political turbulence of the 7th and 6th centuries BCE. By the end of the Babylonian captivity, Yahwism began turning away from polytheism (or, by some accounts, Yahweh-centric monolatry) and transitioned towards monotheism, where Yahweh was proclaimed as the creator deity and the only entity worthy of worship.[12] Following the end of the Babylonian captivity and the subsequent establishment of Yehud Medinata in the 4th century BCE, Yahwism coalesced into what is known as Second Temple Judaism,[13][14] from which the modern ethnic religions of Judaism and Samaritanism, as well as the Abrahamic religions of Christianity and Islam, would later emerge.
- ^ Miller 2000, p. 1.
- ^ Sommer 2009, p.145: It is a commonplace of modern biblical scholarship that Israelite religion prior to the Babylonian exile was basically polytheistic. [...] Many scholars argue that ancient Israelites worshipped a plethora of gods and goddesses [...].
- ^ a b Niehr 1995, p. 54-55.
- ^ Sass 2014, pp. 47–66.
- ^ Handy 1995, pp. 39–40.
- ^ Meier 1999, p. 45–46.
- ^ Bennett 2002, p. 83.
- ^ Davies 2010, p. 112.
- ^ Miller 2000, p. 88.
- ^ Miller 2000, p. 90.
- ^ Albertz 1994, p. 61.
- ^ Betz 2000, p. 917 "With the work of the Second Isaiah toward the end of the Babylonian Exile, Israelite monotheism took on a more forceful form of expression. Yahweh is proclaimed as the creator of the cosmos (Isa. 40:21-23, 28). Foreign deities do not exist; there is only one true God, Yahweh (40:12-31; 43:8-13; 46:5-13)."
- ^ Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 402.
- ^ Pummer 2016, p. 25.
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