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Yamuna
| Yamuna | |
|---|---|
 Vishram Ghat, on the Yamuna at Mathura in Uttar Pradesh | |
 Map | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi |
| Cities | Haryana: Yamunanagar Uttar Pradesh: Kairana and Baghpat Delhi: New Delhi |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Yamunotri |
| • location | Banderpooch peaks, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, India |
| • coordinates | 31°1′21″N 78°27′18″E / 31.02250°N 78.45500°E |
| • elevation | 4,500 m (14,800 ft)[1] |
| Mouth | Ganges |
• location | Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, India |
• coordinates | 25°25′21″N 81°53′15″E / 25.42250°N 81.88750°E |
• elevation | 84 m (276 ft) |
| Length | 1,376 km (855 mi) |
| Basin size | 366,223 km2 (141,399 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Prayagraj[2] |
| • average | 2,950 m3/s (104,000 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Hindon, Tons, Hanuman Ganga, Sasur Khaderi |
| • right | Giri, Baghain, Sabi, Chambal, Betwa, Sindh, Ken |
The Yamuna (pronounced [jəmʊnɑː]; IAST: Yamunā) is the second-largest tributary river of the Ganges by discharge and the longest tributary in India. Originating from the Yamunotri Glacier at a height of about 4,500 m (14,800 ft)[1] on the southwestern slopes of Bandarpunch peaks of the Lower Himalaya in Uttarakhand, it travels 1,376 kilometres (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 square kilometres (141,399 sq mi), 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin. It merges with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, Prayagraj, which is a site of the Kumbh Mela, a Hindu festival held every 12 years.
Like the Ganges, the Yamuna is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as the goddess Yamuna. In Hinduism, she is believed to be the daughter of the sun god, Surya, and the sister of Yama, the god of death, and so she is also known as Yami. According to popular Hindu legends, bathing in Yamuna's sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.[3][4]
The river crosses several states such as Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Delhi. It also meets several tributaries along the way, including Tons, Chambal, its longest tributary which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. From Uttarakhand, the river flows into the state of Himachal Pradesh. After passing Paonta Sahib, Yamuna flows along the boundary of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and after exiting Haryana it continues to flow till it merges with the river Ganges at Sangam or Prayag in Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). It helps create the highly fertile alluvial Ganges-Yamuna Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain.[3][4]
Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna's waters, and the river accounts for more than 70 percent of Delhi's water supply. It has an annual flow of 97 billion cubic metres, and nearly 4 billion cubic metres are consumed every year (of which irrigation constitutes 96%).[3][4] At the Hathni Kund Barrage, its waters are diverted into two large canals: the Western Yamuna Canal flowing towards Haryana, and the Eastern Yamuna Canal flowing towards Uttar Pradesh. Beyond that point the Yamuna is joined by the Somb, a seasonal rivulet from Haryana, and by the highly polluted Hindon River near Noida, by Najafgarh drain near Wazirabad and by various other drains, so that it continues only as a trickling sewage-bearing drain before joining the Chambal at Pachnada in the Etawah District of Uttar Pradesh.[5]
The water quality in Upper Yamuna, as the 375-kilometre (233 mi) long stretch of Yamuna is called from its origin at Yamunotri to Okhla barrage,[6] is of "reasonably good quality" until the Wazirabad barrage in Delhi. Below this, the discharge of wastewater in Delhi through 15 drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the river severely polluted. Wazirabad barrage to Okhla Barrage, 22 km (14 mi) stretch of Yamuna in Delhi, is less than 2% of Yamuna's total length but accounts for nearly 80% of the total pollution in the river.[7] Untreated wastewater and poor quality of water discharged from the wastewater treatment plants are the major reasons of Yamuna's pollution in Delhi. To address river pollution, measures have been taken by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) under the Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) which has been implemented since 1993 by the MoEF's National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD).
- ^ a b "Yamuna" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
- ^ Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India. Springer. p. 341. Bibcode:2007hwri.book.....J. ISBN 978-1-4020-5179-1. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ a b c Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). Hydrology and water resources of India—Volume 57 of Water science and technology library. Springer. pp. 344–354. ISBN 978-1-4020-5179-1. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ a b c Hoiberg, Dale (2000). Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5. Popular Prakashan. pp. 290–291. ISBN 0-85229-760-2. Archived from the original on 23 September 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ Sharma, Vibha (18 November 2007). "And filthy flows the Yamuna". The Tribune (Chandigarh). Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
- ^ 2015, INDIA 2015 Archived 23 September 2024 at the Wayback Machine, New Media Wing.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
newindianexpress-27Jul21was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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