Gold Coast (British colony)

Gold Coast Colony

colony, historical country, realm, crown colony

Year dem found am	1821
Religion anaa worldview	traditional African religion
Official language	English
Continent	Africa
Country	United Kingdom
Capital	Accra
Coordinate location	5°33′0″N 0°13′0″W
Government ein basic form	colony
Currency	British West African pound, Gold Coast ackey
Replaced by	Ghana
Dey replace	Gold Coast
Language dem use	Akan
Date dem dissolve, abolish anaa demolish	1957

De Gold Coast be British Crown colony for de Gulf of Guinea insyd West Africa from 1821 wey until ein independence insyd 1957 wey e cam turn Ghana.^[1] De term Gold Coast dem dey san use am to describe all of de four separate jurisdictions wey dey under de administration of de Governor of de Gold Coast. Dese be de Gold Coast einself, Ashanti, de Northern Territories protectorate den de British Togoland trust territory.^[2]

De first European explorers wey cam arrive for de coast be de Portuguese insyd 1471. Dem dey encounter variety of African kingdoms, sam of wich dem dey control substantial deposits of gold insyd de soil.^[3] Insyd 1483, de Portuguese cam to de continent for increase insyd trade.^[4] Dem cam build de Castle of Elmina, ebe de first European settlement for de Gold Coast. From hie dem dey acquire slaves den gold insyd trade for European goods, such as metal knives, beads, mirrors, rum, den guns.^[5] News for de successful trading spread quickly, den British, Dutch, Danish, Prussian den Swedish traders dem all arrive.^[6] De European traders cam build chaw forts along de coastline.^[7] De Gold Coast name, dem dey use am long time as ebe region by Europeans secof de large gold resources dem cam find for de area der.^[8] De slave trade be de principal exchange den major part of de economy for chaw years. Insyd dis period, European nations begin dey explore den colonize de Americas.^[9] Soon de Portuguese den Spanish begin dey export African slaves to de Caribbean, den North den South America. De Dutch den British san dey enter de slave trade, for first dem dey supply slaves to markets insyd de Caribbean den for de Caribbean coast of South America.^[10]

De Royal Trading Company dem establish am by de Crown insyd 1752 say ego lead ein trading for Africa insyd. Dem replace am by de African Company of Merchants, wey dey lead de British trading efforts into de early 19th century.^[11] Insyd 1821, de British government withdraw dema charter den seize people dema private lands wey dey along de coast.^[12] Insyd 1821, de government form de British Gold Coast colony, after dem take over de remaining interests of oda European countries.^[13] Dem purchase den incorporate de Danish Gold Coast insyd 1850 den de Dutch Gold Coast, wey dey include Fort Elmina, insyd 1872.^[14] Britain steadily expand ein colony thru de invasion den subjection of local kingdoms as well, particularly de Ashanti den Fante confederacies.^[15]

De Ashanti people get control much of dema territory of Ghana before de Europeans arrive den wey dem dey often fight plus dem.^[16] Insyd de 21st century dem dey continue to constitute de largest ethnic community insyd Ghana. Four wars, de Anglo-Ashanti Wars, wey dem dey fight between de Ashanti (Asante) den de British, wey samtyms ally plus de Fante.^[17]

During de First Anglo-Ashanti War (1822–24), de two groups dey fight secof disagreement over de Ashanti chief den slavery. De British come abolish de Atlantic slave trade buh dem keep de institution insyd ein colonies until 1834.^[18] Tensions increase insyd 1874 during de Second Ashanti War (1873–74) wen de British sack de Ashanti capital of Kumasi. De Third Ashanti War (1893–94) occur secof de fresh Ashanti ruler Asantehene dey want to exercise ein fresh title.^[19] From 1895 to 1896 de British den Ashanti fight insyd de Fourth den final Ashanti War, wey de Ashanti fight den loose dema independence.^[20] Insyd 1900 de Ashanti Uprising take place. De British dey suppress de violence den capture de city of Kumasi.^[21] For de end of dis last Ashanti War, de territory for de Ashanti people cam turn British protectorate for 1 January 1902.^[22]

By 1901, de British cam establish colony wey dey incorporate all of de Gold Coast, plus ein kingdoms den tribes wey dem dey consider am as single unit. De British come exploit den export a plenty of natural resources such as gold, metal ores, diamonds, ivory, pepper, timber, grain den cocoa.^[23] De British colonists build railways den complex transport infrastructure so say ego support dema shipment of dese commodities. Dis dem dey form de basis for de transport infrastructure insyd de modern-day Ghana.^[24]

By 1945, insyd de wake of a major colonial role insyd de Second World War, nationalists insyd de Gold Coast take a leadership role wey dem dey demand more autonomy.^[25] Insyd 1951–55 dem share power plus Britain. By 1956, British Togoland, de Northern Territories Protectorate den de Ashanti protectorate wey dem merge am plus de Gold Coast so say dem go create one colony, wey e cam turn known as Gold Coast.^[26] De Ghana Independence Act 1957 dey constitute de Gold Coast Crown Colony as part of de fresh dominion of Ghana.^[27]

1. ↑ "One-Man Policy—A Curse to West Africa", The Gold Coast Nation and National Consciousness, Routledge, pp. 54–59, 13 September 2013, doi:10.4324/9781315033044-11, ISBN 978-1-315-03304-4
2. ↑ Chipp, Thomas Ford (1922). Forest officers' handbook of the Gold Coast, Ashanti and the Northern Territories. London [etc.]: Waterlow & sons limited. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.45233.
3. ↑ "Gold Coast", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, 7 April 2005, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.41463, ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1
4. ↑ "57. How It Came About That Children Were First Whipped", African Folktales, Princeton University Press, pp. 209–211, 2015, doi:10.1353/chapter.1546551, ISBN 978-1-4008-7294-7
5. ↑ Irwin, Graham W. (1971). "Gold and Guns on the Gold Coast - Trade and Politics on the Gold Coast 1600–1720. A Study of the African Reaction to European Trade. By Kwame Yeboa Daaku. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970. Pp. xviii + 219; maps. £2.50". The Journal of African History. 12 (2): 330–331. doi:10.1017/s0021853700010744. ISSN 0021-8537. S2CID 155038059.
6. ↑ Sutton, Angela (3 July 2015). "The Seventeenth-century Slave Trade in the Documents of the English, Dutch, Swedish, Danish and Prussian Royal Slave Trading Companies". Slavery & Abolition. 36 (3): 445–459. doi:10.1080/0144039x.2015.1067975. ISSN 0144-039X. S2CID 143085310.
7. ↑ Corliss, Timothy (26 September 2015), "New World Trading of Old World Markets: European Derivatives", Master Traders, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 242–262, doi:10.1002/9781119205043.ch12, ISBN 978-1-119-20504-3
8. ↑ Chalmers, AlbertJ. (1900). "Uncomplicated Æstivo-Autumnal Fever in Europeans in the Gold Coast Colony, West Africa". The Lancet. 156 (4027): 1262–1264. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)99958-1. ISSN 0140-6736.
9. ↑ Klein, Herbert S. (2010), "Major slaving ports of the Gold Coast and the Bights of Benin and Biafra", The Atlantic Slave Trade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. xiii, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511779473.003, ISBN 978-0-511-77947-3
10. ↑ "Time On The Coast", From Capture to Sale: The Portuguese Slave Trade to Spanish South America in the Early Seventeenth Century, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 72–100, 2007, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004156791.i-373.17, ISBN 978-90-04-15679-1, S2CID 128336362
11. ↑ Gelder, M. Van (2009), "Introduction", Trading Places Trading Places: The Netherlandish Merchants in Early Modern Venice, Brill Academic Publishers, pp. 1–20, doi:10.1163/ej.9789004175433.i-246.10, ISBN 978-90-04-17543-3
12. ↑ "10. Crown and Charter", Crown and Charter, University of California Press, pp. 310–340, 31 December 1974, doi:10.1525/9780520338456-011, ISBN 978-0-520-33845-6
13. ↑ Horton, James Africanus Beale (2011), "Self-Government of the Gold Coast", West African Countries and Peoples, British and Native, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–123, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511983146.010, ISBN 978-0-511-98314-6
14. ↑ Feinberg, H. M. (1970). "An Incident in Elmina-Dutch Relations, The Gold Coast (Ghana), 1739–1740". African Historical Studies. 3 (2): 359–372. doi:10.2307/216221. ISSN 0001-9992. JSTOR 216221.
15. ↑ "Atta, Nana Sir Ofori, (11 Oct. 1881–24 Aug. 1943), Omanhene (Paramount Chief) of Akyem Abuakwa; an Unofficial Member, Executive Council of Gold Coast, since 1942; Provincial Member of the Legislative Council, Gold Coast Colony; President of the Provincial Council of Chiefs, Eastern Province, Gold Coast Colony; Member of the Board of Education, Gold Coast Colony; Director of Akim, Limited; Member of District Agricultural Committee, Akim Abuakwa", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222064
16. ↑ Giles, Jim (2007). "Before settlers arrived, California's wildfires were much worse". New Scientist. 196 (2628): 9. doi:10.1016/s0262-4079(07)62754-7. ISSN 0262-4079.
17. ↑ "Who were the Gentry?", The Medieval Gentry : Power, Leadership and Choice during the Wars of the Roses, Bloomsbury Academic, 2010, doi:10.5040/9781472599179.ch-002, ISBN 978-1-4411-9064-2
18. ↑ Busia, K. A. (16 August 2018), "British Rule and the Chief", The Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti, Routledge, pp. 139–164, doi:10.4324/9781351030823-7, ISBN 978-1-351-03082-3, S2CID 233065561
19. ↑ Brackenbury, Henry, Sir (1873). Fanti and Ashanti. W. Blackwood and Sons. doi:10.5479/sil.204747.39088000128199.
20. ↑ "The Ashanti Expedition". The Lancet. 146 (3768): 1246–1247. 1895. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)31670-1. ISSN 0140-6736.
21. ↑ Armitage, Cecil Hamilton; Montanaro, Arthur Forbes (2011), "Shut up in Kumasi", The Ashanti Campaign of 1900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–44, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139058032.006, ISBN 978-1-139-05803-2
22. ↑ Thompson, Larry (1995), "Ashanti soll geheilt werden", Der Fall Ashanti, Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, pp. 12–50, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-6006-2_1, ISBN 978-3-0348-6007-9
23. ↑ Milburn, Josephine (1970). "The 1938 Gold Coast Cocoa Crisis: British Business and the Colonial Office". African Historical Studies. 3 (1): 57–74. doi:10.2307/216480. ISSN 0001-9992. JSTOR 216480.
24. ↑ "Figure 2.20 Transport infrastructure spending has been below OECD average". doi:10.1787/888933318975.
25. ↑ Drew, Allison (1 November 2014), "The Nation in Formation: Communists and Nationalists During the Second World War", We are no longer in France, Manchester University Press, pp. 110–144, doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719090240.003.0006, ISBN 978-0-7190-9024-0
26. ↑ McKay, Vernon; Bourrett, F. M. (1950). "The Gold Coast: A Survey of the Gold Coast and British Togoland, 1919-1946". The American Historical Review. 55 (2): 345. doi:10.2307/1843737. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1843737.
27. ↑ Howe, Russell Warren (1957). "Gold Coast into Ghana". The Phylon Quarterly. 18 (2): 155–161. doi:10.2307/273187. ISSN 0885-6826. JSTOR 273187.