Sararin Samaniya na Duniya

sararin samaniya na Duniya
geographic envelope (en) , geosphere (en) da atmosphere of a planet (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	Duniya da yanayi na halitta
Located on astronomical body (en)	Duniya
Has boundary (en)	Kármán line (en)
Karatun ta	meteorology (en) , geophysics (en) da atmospheric physics (en)

Sararin samaniyar duniya, wanda aka fi sani da iska, shi ne iskar gas din dake rike da karfin duniya wanda ke kewaye da duniyar kuma ya samar da yanayin ta na duniya. Yanayin duniya yana kare rayuwa a doron kasa ta hanyar haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke ba da damar ruwa mai dorewa ya kasance a farfajiyar duniya, yana daukar hasken rana na ultraviolet, yana dumama farfajiyar, ta hanyar rike zafi ( tasirin greenhouse ), da rage matsanancin zafin rana, tsakanin dare da rana ( zafin rana. bambancin).

Ta karar, busasshiyar iska ta kunshi 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, da kananan gas. ^[7] Har ila yau, iska tana kunshi da adadin tururin ruwa, a matsakaita kusan kashi 1% a matakin teku, da 0.4% akan sararin samaniya. Hadin iska, zafin jiki, da matsin yanayi suna bambanta da tsayi. A cikin yanayi, iska dace da amfani a photosynthesis da terrestrial shuke-shuke da kuma numfashi na nazarin sasannin dabbobi ke samuwa ne kawai a Duniya ta troposphere .^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Farkon yanayin duniya ya kunshi iskar gas a cikin lamura na rana, da farko hydrogen. Yanayin ya canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, wanda abubuwa da yawa suka shafa kamar volcanism, rayuwa, da yanayi. Kwanan nan, ayyukan dan adam shima ya ba da gudummawa ga canje -canjen yanayi, kamar gudumar yanayi, raguwar ozone da zubar da asid.

Yanayin yana da taro kusan 5.15 ×  kg, ^[8] kwata -kwata uku yana cikin kusan 11 kilometres (6.8 mi; 36,000 ft) na farfajiya. Yanayin ya zama siriri tare da kara tsayi, ba tare da takamaiman iyaka tsakanin yanayin da sararin samaniya ba . Layin Kármán, a 100 kilometres (62 mi) ko 1.57% na radius na Duniya, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman kan iyaka tsakanin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya. Ana iya lura da tasirin yanayi yayin sake shigar sararin samaniya a sararin sama kusan 120 kilometres (75 mi). Ana iya rarrabe yadudduka da yawa a cikin yanayi, dangane da halaye kamar zafin jiki da abun da ke ciki.

Nazarin yanayin duniya da hanyoyinsa ana kiranta kimiyyar yanayi (aerology), kuma ya kunshi filayen subfields da yawa, kamar canjin yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya. Majagaba na farko a fagen sun hada da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann. Nazarin yanayi mai tarihi ana kiransa paleoclimatology .

1. ↑ Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2000), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (Fourth ed.), AIP Press, pp. 258–259, ISBN 0-387-98746-0, which rounds NSamfuri:Sub and OSamfuri:Sub to four significant digits without affecting the total because 0.004% was removed from NSamfuri:Sub and added to OSamfuri:Sub. It includes 20 constituents.
2. ↑ Haynes, H. M., ed. (2016–2017), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.), CRC Press, p. 14Samfuri:Hyphen3, ISBN 978-1-4987-5428-6, which cites Allen's Astrophysical Quantities but includes only ten of its largest constituents.
3. ↑ "Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide", Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, NOAA, 2019, retrieved 2019-05-31
4. ↑ "Trends in Atmospheric Methane", Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, NOAA, 2019, retrieved 2019-05-31
5. ↑ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1976), U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (PDF), p. 3
6. ↑ Allen, C. W. (1976), Astrophysical Quantities (Third ed.), Athlone Press, p. 119, ISBN 0-485-11150-0
7. ↑ Two recent reliable sources cited here have total atmospheric compositions, including trace molecules, that exceed 100%. They are Allen's Astrophysical Quantities^[1] (2000, 100.001241343%) and CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics^[2] (2016–2017, 100.004667%), which cites Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Both are used as references in this article. Both exceed 100% because their COSamfuri:Sub values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate. This is made worse by the April 2019 Samfuri:CO2 value, which is 413.32 ppmv.^[3] Although minor, the January 2019 value for Samfuri:CH4 is 1866.1 ppbv (parts per billion).^[4] Two older reliable sources have dry atmospheric compositions, including trace molecules, that total less than 100%: U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976^[5] (99.9997147%); and Astrophysical Quantities^[6] (1976, 99.9999357%).
8. ↑ Lide, David R. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 1996: 14–17