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Halloween
| Halloween | |
|---|---|
 Labu Jack-o'-lantern, satu tradisi dan perhiasan Halloween lazim | |
| Also called |
|
| Observed by | Kristian Barat dan sebilangan besar bukan Kristian di seluruh dunia[1] |
| Type | Kristian |
| Significance | Hari pertama Allhallowtide |
| Celebrations | Trick-or-treat, kostum parti, jack-o'-lantern, penyalaan unggun api, ziarah ke tempat berhantu. |
| Observances | Upacara gereja,[2] upacara doa,[3] puasa,[1] dan vigil[4] |
| Date | 31 Oktober |
| Related to | Samhain, Hari Kematian |
Halloween ialah suatu tradisi perayaan malam pada setiap 31 Oktober di sebilangan besar negara-negara dunia, terutamanya di negara-negara Barat. Halloween berasal dari perkataan Hallowe'en yang merupakan kependekan dari All Hallow's Eve (malam sebelum hari All Hallow),[5] yakni hari kebesaran Katolik, Hari Para Orang Kudus (All Saints Holy Day) yang dirayakan pada 1 November, dan pernah dikenal sebagai All Hallows' Day, penyingkatan dari All Hallowed Souls. Dalam bahasa Inggeris, perkataan Hallowed (holy) bererti "orang kudus". Hari Para Orang Kudus ditentukan oleh para mubaligh Kristian bertepatan dengan hari perayaan orang gasar dengan alasan ingin orang gasar mempercayai agama Kristian. Hari Para Mendiang (Day of the Dead) yang merayakan kedatangan roh sanak-saudara dan kerabat kembali ke bumi sehingga kini masih disambut di beberapa negara seperti di Brazil, Mexico, dan Filipina.
Beberapa teori wujud berkenaan asal perayaan ini, satu teori ialah Halloween berasal dari orang Celt di Ireland, Britain dan Perancis sebagai tradisi paganisme perayaan musim tuai (Samhain).[6] Selain itu, ada juga teori bahawa perayaan Celt ini mengalami pengkristianan, tetapi ada juga yang menganggap Halloween sendiri ialah perayaan Kristian yang terpisah.[7] Pada abad ke-19, orang Ireland dan Scotland membawanya ke Amerika Utara, sebelum tersebar ke peringkat antarbangsa pada zaman berikutnya.[8]
Halloween biasanya dikaitkan dengan hantu, ahli sihir, syaitan, goblin dan makhluk-makhluk ghaib lain kebudayaan Barat. Halloween disambut dengan menghiasi rumah dan pusat membeli-belah dengan simbol-simbol Halloween tersebut. Secara kontemporari, sambutan Halloween dilakukan dengan berpakaian kostum, dan berjalan pintu ke pintu rumah dan meminta gula-gula atau coklat sambil berkata "trick or treat!" (helah atau habuan). Ucapan ini merupakan semacam "ugutan" yang membawa maksud "beri kami (gula-gula) atau kami buat kacau." Kanak-kanak zaman sekarang biasanya tidak lagi membuat kacau di rumah orang yang tidak memberi apa-apa. Akan tetapi, sebahagian kanak-kanak masih membuat kacau di rumah orang yang dianggap kedekut dengan cara "menghiasi" pohon yang ada di depan rumah dengan kertas tisu atau menulis di tingkap dengan sabun. Selain itu, budaya-budaya Halloween lain termasuk ukiran jack-o-lantern, penyalaan unggun api, melakukan jenaka Halloween dan menonton filem-filem seram.[9] Di samping itu, ibadat dan upacara keagamaan Kristian turut diamalkan sebilangan pihak sempena Halloween seperti menghadiri upacara gereja dan menziarahi kubur-kubur si mati serta (pada dahulukala) berpuasa, sementara pihak lain menganggapnya sebagai perayaan sekular.
- ^ a b "BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 3 November 2011. Dicapai pada 1 November 2011.
It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church.... All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain ...
- ^ "Service for All Hallows' Eve". The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. m/s. [ 108]. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3.
This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.
- ^ Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 25 January 2017. Dicapai pada 31 October 2011.
All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.
- ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 31 October 2017. Dicapai pada 31 October 2011.
Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day.
- ^ Simpson, John (1989). Oxford English Dictionary (ed. second). London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (bantuan) - ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women's History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. m/s. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Dicapai pada 14 Disember 2015.
The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
- ^ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Dicapai pada 14 December 2015.
Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.
- ^ Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. m/s. 749
- ^ Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
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