Perang Soviet di Afghanistan

Suatu peperangan antara pihak Kesatuan Soviet dengan para Mujahidin Afghanistan meletus selama sembilan tahun dari Disember 1979 ke Februari 1989; di mana pihak Soviet berusha mempertahankan pemerintah Marxis disokongnya iaitu Republik Rakyat Demokratik Afghanistan manakala para mujahidin mendapat sokongan dari banyak negara, antara lainnya Amerika Syarikat dan Pakistan.

Pasukan Soviet pertama kali sampai di Afghanistan pada tarikh 25 Disember 1979, dan pengeluaran pasukan terkini berlaku pada tarikh 2 Februari 1989. Kesatuan Soviet lalu mengumumkan bahawa semua pasukan mereka sudah ditarik dari Afghanistan pada tarikh 15 Februari 1989. Kerana banyaknya kos dan akhirnya kesia-siaan konflik ini, Perang Soviet-Afghanistan sering disamakan sebagai padanan Kesatuan Soviet daripada Perang Vietnam Amerika Syarikat.

Sebanyak antara 562,000^[1] hingga 2,000,000 orang awam yang terkorban dalam konflik ini sementara jutaan orang lain melarikan diri^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] ke Pakistan dan Iran. Perang ini sendirinya memberikan kesan yang sangat besar malah merupakan salah satu faktor berlakunya runtuhnya rejim Kesatuan Soviet pada tahun 1991.

^ Lacina, Bethany; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths" (PDF). European Journal of Population. 21: 154. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada Oktober 6, 2014. Dicapai pada Disember 8, 2018. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)
^ Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87," Central Asian Survey, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.
^ Marek Sliwinski, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People," Orbis (Winter, 1989), p.39.
^ Klass, Rosanne (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Transaction Publishers. m/s. 129. ISBN 978-1-4128-3965-5. During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerrilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama :4

[562k-1] Lacina, Bethany; Gleditsch, Nils Petter (2005). "Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths" (PDF). European Journal of Population. 21: 154. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada Oktober 6, 2014. Dicapai pada Disember 8, 2018. Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (bantuan)

[Khalidi-2] Noor Ahmad Khalidi, "Afghanistan: Demographic Consequences of War: 1978–87," Central Asian Survey, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 101–126, 1991.

[Sliwinski-3] Marek Sliwinski, "Afghanistan: The Decimation of a People," Orbis (Winter, 1989), p.39.

[:3-4] Klass, Rosanne (1994). The Widening Circle of Genocide. Transaction Publishers. m/s. 129. ISBN 978-1-4128-3965-5. During the intervening fourteen years of Communist rule, an estimated 1.5 to 2 million Afghan civilians were killed by Soviet forces and their proxies- the four Communist regimes in Kabul, and the East Germans, Bulgarians, Czechs, Cubans, Palestinians, Indians and others who assisted them. These were not battle casualties or the unavoidable civilian victims of warfare. Soviet and local Communist forces seldom attacked the scattered guerrilla bands of the Afghan Resistance except, in a few strategic locales like the Panjsher valley. Instead they deliberately targeted the civilian population, primarily in the rural areas.

[:4-5] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama :4

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Perang Soviet di Afghanistan

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