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Pertempuran Corunna
| Pertempuran Corunna | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sebahagian daripada Peperangan Semenanjung | |||||||
-january-17th-1809,-from-%27the-martial-achievements-of-great-britain-and-her-allies-from-1799-.jpg) Keguguran Sir John Moore dalam Pertempuran Corunna terbitan daripada ukiran kayu oleh Thomas Sutherland dan diwarnakan oleh William Heath]] | |||||||
| |||||||
| Pihak yang terlibat | |||||||
 United Kingdom |
 Perancis | ||||||
| Komandan dan pemimpin | |||||||
|
John Moore Templat:DOW |
Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
|
16,000 orang: 15,000 infantri[7] 9 ke 12 meriam[8] |
16,000 orang:[9] 12,000 infantri 3,200 askar berkuda 20 meriam | ||||||
| Kerugian dan korban | |||||||
|
900 korban atau cedera[10] 300 sick abandoned[11] |
600[12] hingga 700 korban atau cedera 200 hingga 300 tawanan | ||||||
Pertempuran A Coruña (juga dieja Corunna, A Corunha, La Corunna, La Coruña, Elviña, atau La Corogne) berlangsung pada 16 Januari 1809, apabila sebuah kor Perancis di bawah pimpinan Marsyal Nicholas Soult menyerang tentera British yang dipimpin Leftenan Jeneral Sir John Moore. Pertempuran berlangsung semasa Peperangan Semenanjung, sebahagian daripada Peperangan Napoleon. Pertempuran ini hasilan kempen Perancis, yang diketuai Napoleon, yang telah mengalahkan tentera-tentera Sepanyol dan menyebabkan pengunduran tentera British ke kawasan pantai berikutan kegagalan serangan Moore terhadap angkatan Soult dan melencongkan tumpuan tentera Perancis.
Tentera British membuat pengunduran epik merentasi wilayah utara Sepanyol sambil dikejar angkatan Soult, dan kedua-dua angkatan ini mengalami penderitaan akibat keadaan musim sejuk yang amat teruk. Tentera British mengalami keadaan kucar-kacir dan kehilangan semangat beberapa kali semasa pengunduran. Apabila tiba di pelabuhan Corunna yang terletak di pantai utara Galicia di Sepanyol beberapa hari sebelum ketibaan Perancis, mereka mendapati bahawa kapal-kapal pengangkut mereka masih belum tiba. Armada kapal pengangkut tiba di Corunna beberapa hari kemudian, dan tentera British sedang menaiki kapal apabila angkatan Perancis tiba dan memaksa British bertempur sebelum mereka dapat pulang ke England.[13]
Dalam pertempuran yang berlangsung, pihak British berjaya menangani serangan Perancis dan menaiki kapal pengangkut mereka, lantas menyelamatkan tentera mereka daripada dimusnahkan Perancis, walaupunpun terpaksa meninggalkan bandar-bandar pelabuhan Corunna dan Ferrol, dan juga kawasan utara Sepanyol. Semasa pertempuran, Sir John Moore, komander British, menerima kecederaan maut dan meninggal dunia selepas kesemua serangan Perancis dipatahkan tenteranya.[14]
- ^ Haythornthwaite, p. 87;"...the battle could legitimately be regarded as a British victory.".
- ^ Sandler, Stanley, Ground warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Vol.1, (ABC-CLIO, 2002), 214; "Costly British victory in the Peninsular War.... Corunna was a British victory only in the sense that Moore was able to prevent Soult form annihilating his men...".
- ^ Chandler, p. 657.
Sarrazin (a former French commander) writes "Whatever Buonaparte may assert, Soult was most certainly repulsed at Corunna; and the English gained a defensive victory, though dearly purchased with the loss of their brave general Moore, who was alike distinguished for his private virtues, and his military talents".
France militaire states "Ayant neanmoins reunit les troupes a la Corogne, il repousse glorieusement les Francais, et meurt sur le champ de bataille." which translates as "Having nevertheless reunited the troops at Corunna, he [Moore] gloriously repulsed the French and died on the field of battle." - ^ Fremont-Barnes, "Canning strenuously maintained... in the great British tradition of characterizing defeat as victory ...". p.80.
- ^ Esdaile, p. 155: "At first sight, then, British intervention had ended in humiliation and disaster. At La Coruna, true, a reverse had been inflicted on the French. However, Sir John Moore was dead, over one fifth of his army were missing, and several thousand more sick or wounded, whilst the retreat had had all the appearances of a rout."
- ^ According to The Times, "The fact must not be disguised ... that we have suffered a shameful disaster": Hibbert, p. 188. Carl Cavanaugh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914 (Greenwood, 2007), p. lxxiii: "French Victory at the Battle of Corunna. Britain Forced to Evacuate Spain."
- ^ Fortescue, Oman, p. 582, give 15,000; Hamilton 14,500.
- ^ Napier, p.121 and Fortescue p. 377 indicate there may have been 12: eight British and four Spanish. Also, Gates p. 112.
- ^ Fortescue cites Balagny's numbers over Oman's, p. 380. Balagny, p. 341.
- ^ Chandler, p. 656.
- ^ Howard, M.R. Medical aspects of Sir John Moore's Corunna Campaign, 1808–1809, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, Volume 84, May 1991, p. 300.
- ^ Esdaile, gives a total of 2,000 casualties for both sides altogether, p.155. Fortescue states the casualties for both sides were "about equal", p. 388.
- ^ Napier, p. 121
- ^ Napier, p. 123.
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