Germany

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Federal Republic o Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Banner Coat o airms
Anthem: Deutschlandlied[1] (Scots: "Sang o Germany")[a]
Location o  Germany  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
Caipital and largest city	Berlin 52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E / 52.517; 13.383
Offeecial leids	German[1][b]
Demonym(s)	German
Govrenment	Federal pairlamentary constitutional republic
• Preses	Frank-Walter Steinmeier
• Chancellor	Olaf Scholz
• Vice Chancellor	Robert Habeck
Legislatur
• Upper house	Bundesrat
• Lower house	Bundestag
Formation
• Haly Roman Empire	2 Februar 962
• German Confederation	8 Juin 1815
• German Empire	18 Januar 1871
• Federal Republic	23 Mey 1949
• EEC Foondation[c]	1 Januar 1958
• Reunification	3 October 1990
Aurie
• Total	357,168 km2 (137,903 sq mi) (63rd)
Population
• 2019-09-30 estimate	83,149,300[2] (19t)
• Density	232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58t)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$4.444 trillion[3] (5t)
• Per capita	$52,559[3] (16t)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Tot	$3.863 trillion[3] (4t)
• Per capita	$46,653[3] (16t)
Gini (2018)	31.1[4] medium
HDI (2018)	0.939[5] verra heich · 4t
Currency	Euro (€) (EUR)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Drivin side	right
Cawin code	49
ISO 3166 code	DE
Internet TLD	.de an .eu

Germany (German: Deutschland, pronounced [ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), offeecially the Federal Republic o Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen (help·info)),^[d][6] is a federal pairlamentary republic in central-wastren Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area o 357,021 square kilometre (137,847 sq mi), an haes a maistly temperate saisonal climate. Wi aboot 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the maist populous member state o the European Union. Efter the Unitit States, it is the saicont maist popular immigration destination in the warld.^[7][8] Germany's caipital an lairgest metropolis is Berlin, while its mucklest conurbation is the Ruhr (main centres: Dortmund an Essen). Ither major toons include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf an Leipzig.

Various Germanic tribes hae inhabitit the northren pairts o modren Germany syne clessical antiquity. A region named Germanie wis documentit afore 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expandit soothwart. Beginnin in the 10t century, German territories formed a central pairt o the Haly Roman Empire.^[9] During the 16t century, northren German regions becam the centre o the Protestant Reformation.

In 1871, Germany becam a nation state whan maist o the German states unified intae the Proushie-dominatit German Empire. Efter Warld War I an the German Revolution o 1918–1919, the Empire wis replaced bi the pairlamentary Weimar Republic. The establishment o the naitional socialist dictatorship in 1933 led tae Warld War II an the Holocaust. Efter a period o Allied occupation, twa German states wis foondit: the Federal Republic o Germany (commonly kent as Wast Germany) an the German Democratic Republic (commonly kent as East Germany). In 1990, the kintra wis reunifee'd.^[10]

In the 21st century, Germany is a great pouer an haes the warld's fowerth-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP, as weel as the fift-lairgest bi PPP. As a global leader in several industrial an technological sectors, it is baith the warld's third-lairgest exporter an importer o guids. Germany is a developit kintra wi a gey an heich staundart o livin susteened bi a skilled an productive society. It uphaulds a social security an universal heal care seestem, environmental pertection an a tuition-free varsity eddication.^[11]

Germany wis a foondin member o the European Union in 1993. It is pairt o the Schengen Area, an becam a co-foonder o the Eurozone in 1999. Germany is a member o the Unitit Naitions, NATO, the G8, the G20, an the OECD. The naitional militar expenditur is the 9t heichest in the warld. Kent fir its rich cultural history, Germany haes been continuously the hame o influential airtists, philosophers, muisickers, sportsfowk, entrepreneurs, scientists, ingineers, an inventors.

1. ↑ "Germany". CIA World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived frae the original on 11 Februar 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
2. ↑ "Bevölkerung nach Geschlecht und Staatsangehörigkeit". Destatis. Archived frae the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 15 Julie 2018.
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 9 Mairch 2020.
4. ↑ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income". Eurostat. Archived frae the original on 20 Mairch 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
5. ↑ "Human Development Report 2019". United Nations Development Programme. 10 December 2019. Archived (PDF) frae the original on 22 Mairch 2017.
6. ↑ Mangold, Max, ed. (1995). Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp. 271, 53f. ISBN 978-3-411-20916-3.
7. ↑ "Germany Top Migration Land After U.S. in New OECD Ranking". Bloomberg. 20 Mey 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
8. ↑ "Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2015 Revision". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2015.
9. ↑ The Laitin name Sacrum Imperium (Haly Empire) is documentit as far back as 1157. The Laitin name Sacrum Romanum Imperium (Haly Roman Empire) wis first documentit in 1254. The full name "Haly Roman Empire o the German Naition" (Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation) dates back tae the 15t century.
   Zippelius, Reinhold (2006) [1994]. Kleine deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte: vom frühen Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart (English translation: Brief German Constitutional History: from the Early Middle Ages to the Present) (in German) (7th ed.). Beck. p. 25. ISBN 978-3-406-47638-9.
10. ↑ The Lost German East.
11. ↑ "How US students get a university degree for free in Germany". BBC. 3 Juin 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.