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Muhammad Ali Pasha
| Muhammad Ali Pasha | |
|---|---|
| Wāli of Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Syria, Hejaz, Morea, Thasos, Crete | |
 | |
| Reign | 17 May 1805 – 2 March 1848 |
| Successor | Ibrahim Pasha |
| Born | 4 March 1769 Kavala, Macedonia, Rumeli eyalet, Ottoman Empire (present-day Greece) |
| Died | 2 August 1849 (aged 80) Ras el-Tin Palace, Alexandria, Egypt |
| Turkish | Kavalalı Mehmet Ali Paşa |
| Dynasty | Muhammad Ali Dynasty |
| Religion | Islam [1] |
Muhammad[a] Ali Pasha, also known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan (Albanian: Mehmet Ali Pasha,[3] Arabic: محمد علي باشا, ALA-LC: Muḥammad ‘Alī Bāshā; Ottoman Turkish: محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; Turkish: Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was a Turkish[4] and Albanian commander in the Ottoman army and governor of the province of Egypt. He became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan.
Though not a modern nationalist, he was the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he made to the army, economy, and culture of Egypt. He also ruled some Levantine territories outside Egypt. The dynasty he established ruled Egypt and Sudan until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
Muhammed Ali was born in the Ottoman Empire, in Kavala,[5][6] a city in the area which is now the Greek province of Macedonia. His ancestors migrated from a village of İliç in Eastern Turkey.[4] Some historians claim he was an Albanian but it's wrong.[7] He led a group of Albanian troops sent to Egypt. They were part of an Ottoman force that reoccupied Egypt after Napoleon's French troops left. The Ottomans had ruled Egypt by a Wali (Governor) with Mamluk troops. The Mamluks were former slaves.
The French Capitulation of Alexandria left a power vacuum in the Ottoman province. Mamluk power had been weakened, but not destroyed, and Ottoman forces clashed with the Mamluks for power.[8] During this period of anarchy Muhammad Ali used his loyal Albanian troops to play both sides, gaining power and prestige for himself.[8] As the conflict drew on, the local populace grew weary of the power struggle. A group of prominent Egyptians demanded that the then Wāli, Ahmad Khurshid Pasha, step down and Muhammad Ali be installed as the new Wāli in 1805.[8]
The Mamluks were still powerful, so in 1811 he massacred their leaders and sent troops to chase the followers out of Egypt.
- ↑ Hourani, Albert et al 2004. The modern Middle East: a reader. University of California Press, 71.
- ↑ Khalid Fahmy (1998). All the Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt. Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ "Mohammed Ali". Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. 49 (303): 65–82. January–June 1841 – via Google Books.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hilmi, Abbas (5 April 2021). "The Great Mohamed Ali Pasha (1769-1849)". MohamedAliFoundation. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ↑ "Muhammad Ali Pasha".
- ↑ "Muhammad Ali Pasha". www.touregypt.net. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
- ↑ Fahmy, Khaled (1 December 2012). Mehmed Ali: From Ottoman Governor to Ruler of Egypt. Simon and Schuster. pp. Mehmed Ali's close association with the Albanians gave rise to the erroneous idea he was an ethnic Albanian. ISBN 978-1-78074-211-3.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Little, Tom 1958. Egypt. New York: Praeger. 37
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