Umayyad dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بنو أمية, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit. 'Sons of Umayya') or Umayyads (Arabic: الأمويون, romanized: al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of Al-Andalus between 756 and 1031. Umayya ibn Abd Shams (Arabic: أمية بن عبد شمس), the wartime commander of the Meccans, was the progenitor of the line of the Umayyad dynasty. He was also the grandfather of Mu'awiya I, the founder of the Umayyad Caliphate.^[1][2] The Islamic Empire reached its largest geographical extent under the Umayyads.^[3] Under the Umayyads, Al-Andalus also became a centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age.^[4][5]

1. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PVu0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=Umayya+ibn+Abd+Shams+grandfather+of+Muawiya&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjd_r66i5eBAxWrV0EAHXrECmwQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
2. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=J2OaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA164&dq=Umayya+ibn+Abd+Shams+grandfather&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIgcaZjJeBAxUwWUEAHXXqCpQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q&f=false
3. ↑ Nardo, Don (12 September 2011). The Islamic Empire. ISBN 9781420508024.
4. ↑ Simon Barton (30 June 2009). A History of Spain. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 44–5. ISBN 978-1-137-01347-7.^{[permanent dead link]}
5. ↑ Francis Preston Venable (1894). A Short History of Chemistry. Heath. p. 21.