Ulevi

Ulevi
Mwainisho na taarifa za nje
Kundi Maalumu	Psychiatry, medical toxicology, elimunafsia, vocational rehabilitation, narcology
ICD-10	F10..2
ICD-9	303
MedlinePlus	alcoholism
MeSH	D000437

Ulevi au uraibu wa pombe ^[1][2] ni ulemavu unaotokana na unywaji pombe bila udhibiti licha ya madhara yake kwa afya ya mnywaji, mahusiano na hadhi yake machoni pa jamii. Kama matatizo mengine ya kiafya, ulevi ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yanayoweza kutibika.^[3]

Neno "ulevi" hutumika kwa kawaida, lakini Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) limelifafanua kama "neno lililotumika kwa muda mrefu kwa maana tofautitofauti", na matumizi ya neno yalikataliwa na Kamati ya Wataalamu wake mwaka 1979 kama istilali ya kiafya, huku ikipendekeza "utegemezi pombe".^[4] Katika miktadha ya kitaalamu na kiutafiti, neno "ulevi" wakati mwingine hujumuisha utumiaji mbaya na utegemezi wa pombe.^[5] na wakati mwingine kuchukuliwa kama kisawe cha utegemezi pombe.

Hapana uhakika wa sababu za kibiolojia zinazochangia ulevi, hata hivyo, hali hiyo yaweza kutokana na mazingira ya kijamii, mfadhaiko wa ubongo,^[6] tatizo la akili, maumbile, umri, kabila, na jinsia.^[7][8]

Matumizi mabaya ya pombe kwa muda mrefu huleta mabadiliko ya kimwili katika ubongo kama vile uhimili na utegemezi. Mabadiliko ya kikemia katika ubongo hudumisha hali ya mlevi kushindwa kuacha pombe na huweza kusababisha dalili za mtegemea-pombe pale aachapo kunywa.^[9] Pombe huharibu takribani kila kiungo katika mwili, kwa sababu ya athari jumlishi ya sumu ya utegemezi pombe, mlevi hukumbwa na hatari nyingi za kimagonjwa na kiakili.^[10] ulevi una madhara makubwa ya kijamii kwa walevi na watu wanaohusika na maisha yao.^[11][12]

Ulevi ni athari inayodumu ya kuhimili na kutegemea matumizi ya pombe kupita kiasi; ukosefu wa kudhibiti ulevi, licha ya kufahamu madhara kwa afya, hudhihirisha kwamba mtu anaweza kuwa mlevi.^[13] Uchunguzi kupitia hojaji ni njia ya kutambua mienendo ya unywaji hatari, ikiwemo utegemezi pombe.^[14] Utoaji sumu ya pombe hufanywa ili kumwondoa mnywaji katika ulevi, kwa kawaida kwa dawa mbalimbali, kama vile benzodiazepini.^[15] Utunzaji baada ya matibabu kama vile tiba ya kimakundi au katika vikundi vya kujisaidia binafsi, kwa kawaida huhitajika ili kudumisha ususiaji pombe.^[16][17] Mara nyingi, walevi pia ni wategemezi wa mihadarati mingineyo, hasa benzodiazepini, ambayo inaweza kuhitaji matibabu ya ziada.^[18] Mwanamke mlevi huathirika zaidi kimwili, kihisia, na kiakili na ongezeko la unyanyapaa wa kijamii, kutokana na hali ya ulevi.^[19][20] Shirika la Afya Duniani linakadiria kuwa pana walevi milioni 140 duniani kote.^[21][22]

1. ↑ MedlinePlus (15 Januari 2009). "Alcoholism". National Institute of Health. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
2. ↑ Department of Health and Human Services. "Alcohol Dependence (Alcoholism)" (PDF). National Institutes of Health. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2010-05-28. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.
3. ↑ American Medical Association. "DEFINITIONS" (PDF). USA: AMA. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2010-03-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-10-18.
4. ↑ WHO. "Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms published by the World Health Organization". World Health Organisation.
5. ↑ "alcoholism" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
6. ↑ Glavas MM, Weinberg J (2006). "Stress, Alcohol Consumption, and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis". Katika Yehuda S, Mostofsky DI (mhr.). Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ku. 165–183. ISBN 978-1-58829-432-6.
7. ↑ Agarwal-Kozlowski, K.; Agarwal, DP. (2000). "[Genetic predisposition for alcoholism]". Ther Umsch. 57 (4): 179–84. PMID 10804873. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
8. ↑ Chen, CY.; Storr, CL.; Anthony, JC. (2009). "Early-onset drug use and risk for drug dependence problems". Addict Behav. 34 (3): 319–22. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.10.021. PMC 2677076. PMID 19022584. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
9. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hoffman-1996
10. ↑ Caan, Woody; Belleroche, Jackie de, whr. (11 Aprili 2002). Drink, Drugs and Dependence: From Science to Clinical Practice (tol. la 1st). Routledge. ku. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-415-27891-1.
11. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named tcemh2006
12. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named abd2009
13. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named DSMIV
14. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kahan-1996
15. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blondell-2005
16. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Morgan-Lopez-2006
17. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Soyka-2001
18. ↑ Johansson BA, Berglund M, Hanson M, Pöhlén C, Persson I (2003). "Dependence on legal [[psychotropic]] drugs among alcoholics" (PDF). Alcohol Alcohol. 38 (6): 613–8. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agg123. ISSN 0735-0414. PMID 14633651. {{cite journal}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
19. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Blume Laura N., Nielson Nancy H., Riggs Joseph A., et all 1998 861–870
20. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Walter H., Gutierrez K., Ramskogler K., Hertling I., Dvorak A., Lesch O.M., et al. 2003 253–268
21. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named whoemcoypaa
22. ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named whotmbcrtdhrai