Pablo Escobar

Pablo Escobar
Escobar sabıka fotoğrafında, 1976
Doğum	Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria 1 Aralık 1949 Rionegro, Antioquia, Kolombiya
Ölüm	2 Aralık 1993 (44 yaşında) Medellín, Kolombiya
Ölüm sebebi	Ateşli silah
Defin yeri	Pablo Escobar Cemetario Jardins Montesacro, İtagüí[1]
Milliyet	Kolombiyalı
Diğer ad(lar)ı	Don Pablo El Doctor ("doktor") El Mágico ("sihirbaz") El Padrino ("the Godfather") El Patrón ("patron") El Señor ("lord")
Meslek	Uyuşturucu Lordu
Etkin yıllar	1967–1993
Organizasyon	Medellín Karteli
Boy	1,66 m (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in)
Din	Hristiyanlık
Evlilik	Maria Victoria Henao (e. 1976–1993)
Çocuk(lar)	Sebastián Marroquín (doğum 1977) Manuela Escobar (doğum 1984)
Ebeveyn(ler)	Juan Pablo Escobar (baba)
İmza

Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (1 Aralık 1949, Rionegro, Kolombiya - 2 Aralık 1993, Medellín, Kolombiya), Kolombiyalı uyuşturucu lordu ve Medellín Karteli'nin kurucusudur.^[2][3]

Escobar, başta DEA olmak üzere çeşitli kurumlar tarafından ilk ve en ünlü "narko-terörist" olarak tanımlanmaktadır.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]} Yapmış olduğu uyuşturucu ticaretinin en parlak döneminde dünyanın en zengin 7. insanı olmuştur.^[11]

"Kokain Kralı" olarak da adlandırılan Escobar'ın, öldüğü zaman servetinin yaklaşık 30 milyar dolar (2019 enflasyonuyla 58,7 milyar dolar) olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Uyuşturucu sektöründe farklı uyuşturucu kartellerini bir araya getirerek kokain ticaretini tekelleştirmesi, devrim niteliğinde bir etki yaratmıştı. 1980'lerden 1991'e kadar lideri olduğu Medellín Karteli; başta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Güney Amerika olmak üzere birçok bölgede büyük çaplı uyuşturucu ağları oluşturmuştur.^[12][13] Uyuşturucu kaçakçılığının yanı sıra Kolombiya Hükûmeti'ne savaş ilan etmiş; güvenlik birimlerine, kamu çalışanlarına ve sivillere karşı bombalı ve silahlı eylemler gerçekleştirmiştir. Escobar, en az 4000 kişinin ölümünden sorumlu tutulmaktadır.^[2][14] Ayrıca M-19 gibi yasa dışı örgütler ve Küba için kaçak silah ticareti yapmış, kara para aklamıştır.^{[11][15][16][17]}

1. ^ "Arşivlenmiş kopya". 13 Nisan 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2018. 
2. ^ ^{a b} "Pablo Escobar: from narco-terrorist to marketing success". Escobar is said to have controlled up to 80 percent of the global cocaine business. He was the seventh richest man in the world in 1989, according to Forbes magazine, turned Medellín into the most dangerous city anywhere in the world and has been blamed for at least 4,000 murders. El Patrón, as he was popularly known, threatened the Colombian government with brutal narco-terrorist attacks, such as the bombing of an Avianca airliner that killed 107 people, a bomb at the government's domestic intelligence Administrative Security Department that left 70 dead and more than 40 car bombs. His cruelty knew no limits. Miami Herald. 19 Eylül 2017. 6 Ekim 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
3. ^ "Wanted, but Not Found" (PDF). CIA. 2009. 23 Ocak 2017 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
4. ^ Narco-Terrorism. The Pablo Escobar Example: One of the most infamous narco-terrorist was Pablo Escobar. Oxford University Press. 2010. s. 141. ISBN 9780195398106. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
5. ^ "Drugs and Terror". The drug lord element of narcoterrorism's trinity has escalated in recent years. What used to be mafia type crimes have grown to narcoterrorist political actions. In Colombia, two cartels, the Medellin and Cali, have controlled the majority of the drug trade and have earned billions of dollars each year by bringing corruption and violence throughout the world. The Cali and Medellin cartels are probably more dangerous than any of the Latin American terrorist and guerrilla groups.5. United States Army War College. 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
6. ^ Colombia Narco-Terrorism. Pablo Escobar and the Medellin Cartel: Pablo Escobar, born in 1949 to a peasant farmer and schoolteacher, was perhaps the most successful criminal in the history, and his life seriously impacted the population and government of Colombia in the context of narco-terrorism. (İngilizce). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. 2007. s. 62. ISBN 9780816062775. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
7. ^ "Narco-Terrorists". Leaders of drug cartels have been retroactively defined by the DEA as having been narco-terrorists. For example, Escobar of the Medellín cartel is now described as having committed “terrorist activities,” such as the bombing of a commercial airliner in 1989. He also was responsible for the assassination of politicians, presidential candidates, police officers, journalists, and Colombian supreme court justices. Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 Eylül 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
8. ^ "Myth and fact mix in summer of Escobar as narco king's life hits the screen". “We saw Escobar as the first narco-terrorist,” says former drugs enforcement agent Steve Murphy who, with his DEA partner, Javier Peña. The Guardian. 22 Ağustos 2015. 8 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
9. ^ "'The worst violence imaginable': 'Cocaine king' Pablo Escobar's son opens up about his father". He was the drug lord whose murderous campaign of narcoterrorism helped transform his native Colombia into the murder capital of the world. euronews. 2017. 30 Ekim 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
10. ^ "Narco-Terrorism: The Merger of the War on Drugs and the War on Terror" (PDF). Narco-terrorists in this context refers to individuals such as the drug lord Pablo Escobar from the Medellin cartel in Colombia and other members of drug cartels, mafia or other criminal organisations, whose actions were defined as “the attempts of narcotics traffickers to influence the policies of government by the systematic threat or use of violence”. Global Crime. 2004. 24 Eylül 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Wallace, Arturo (2 Aralık 2013). "Drug boss Pablo Escobar still divides Colombia". At the height of his power, Pablo Escobar was said to be the seventh richest man in the world, with his Medellin drugs cartel thought to be behind up to 80% of all the cocaine shipped to the United States.His cartel not only trafficked drugs, it terrorised Colombia in the 1980s and early 1990s, bribing, kidnapping or killing all those who stood in its way. Such was his ruthlessness he is widely held responsible for some 4,000 deaths. Others say the real number is closer to 5,000. BBC News. 14 Ağustos 2017 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
12. ^ "10 facts reveal the absurdity of Pablo Escobar's wealth". Business Insider. 19 Mayıs 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Temmuz 2018. 
13. ^ "Here's How Rich Pablo Escobar Would Be If He Was Alive Today". UNILAD (İngilizce). 13 Eylül 2016. 29 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Temmuz 2018. 
14. ^ "Cardinal who humbled a drugs baron". But what shook the bishop were Escobar's parting words. 'If I have to kill the whole of Colombia just to stay here with my wife, I'll do it without flinching.'. The Guardian. 23 Nisan 1999. 5 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
15. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (20 Aralık 1994). "Drug Trafficker Convicted Of Blowing Up Jetliner (Published 1994)". The New York Times (İngilizce). ISSN 0362-4331. 19 Ağustos 2016 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 29 Ekim 2020. 
16. ^ "Arms for the Cartels: The Antigua and Barbuda Connection". On December 15, 1989, Colombian police raided the home of Jose Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, who, along with Pablo Escobar, was one of the top leaders of the Medellin drug cartel. Rodriguez Gacha and his son Freddy were killed in the raid. Colombian police then discovered large arms caches on Rodriguez Gacha's property, containing 232 Israeli-made Galil assault rifles. These rifles were subsequently found to be part of an arms shipment made to the Caribbean nation of Antigua and Barbuda by Israeli Military Industries (IMI). The discovery of this cache led to an investigation of how a supposedly legitimate arms shipment to Antigua was diverted to a Colombian drug cartelCan investigation that revealed, in great detail, the manner in which arms dealers manipulate legal channels in order to transfer arms to insurgents, criminals, and terrorists. Federation of American Scientists. 7 Mayıs 2006 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020. 
17. ^ "Drugs and Terror". It obtained weapons and supplies through drug traffickers dealing with Cuba. Documented allegations exist that linked Noriega in Panama, Castro in Cuba, the M-19, and Colombia's Medellin drug cartel. These allegations involved money laundering, gun sales, and narcotics trafficking. The drug lord element of narcoterrorism's trinity has escalated in recent years. What used to be mafia type crimes have grown to narcoterrorist political actions. In Colombia, two cartels, the Medellin and Cali, have controlled the majority of the drug trade and have earned billions of dollars each year by bringing corruption and violence throughout the world. United States Army War College. 13 Mart 1992. 6 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 28 Ekim 2020.