Aq Qoyunlu

Aq Qoyunlu
Tên bản ngữ آق قویونلو
1378–1503[a]
A flag (sanjak) from the period of the Uzun Hasan's reign (the original here) Tamga of Bayandur used by the Aq Qoyunlu[2]
The Aq Qoyunlu confederation at its greatest extent under Uzun Hasan
Tổng quan
Vị thế	Confederate Sultanate
Thủ đô	Bayburt (summer pastures)[3] Palu, Ergani (winter pastures)[3] Diyarbakır (1403 April–1468) Tabriz (1468–January 6, 1478)
Ngôn ngữ thông dụng	Persian (official court language, poetry)[4][b][5] Azerbaijani (dynastic, poetry)[6][7]
Tôn giáo chính	Sunni Islam[8]
Chính trị
Chính phủ	Monarchy
Ruler
• 1378–1435	Qara Yuluk Uthman Beg
• 1497–1503	Sultan Murad
Lập pháp	Kengač (legislative)[3] Boy ḵānları (military)[3]
Lịch sử
Thời kỳ	Medieval
• First raid on the Trapezuntine Empire by Tur Ali Beg[9]	1340
• Siege of Trebizond[9]	1348
• Established	1378
• Coup by Uzun Hasan[3]	Autumn 1452
• Reunification[3]	1457
• Death of Ahmad Beg, division of the Aq Qoyunlu[3]	December, 1497
• Collapse of the Aq Qoyunlu rule in Iran[3]	Summer 1503
• End of the Aq Qoyunlu rule in Mesopotamia[3]	Autumn 1508
Kinh tế
Đơn vị tiền tệ	Akçe[10] Ashrafi[10] Dinar[10] Tanka[10] Hasanbegî[11] (equal to 2 akçe)
Tiền thân Kế tục Qara Qoyunlu Safavid Empire Ottoman Empire

Aq Qoyunlu hoặc Ak Koyunlu, còn gọi là Turkoman Cừu trắng (tiếng Ba Tư: آق‌ قویونلو Āq Quyūnlū, còn được gọi là Bayanduriyye),^[12] là một liên minh bộ lạc người Ba Tư ^[13][14] Sunni ^[8] Turkoman ^{[15][16][17][18]} cai trị các bộ phận của Đông Thổ ngày nay 1378 đến 1501, và trong những thập kỷ cuối cùng của họ cũng cai trị Armenia, Azerbaijan, hầu hết Iran và Iraq.^[19]

1. ^ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. 10. tr. 33. Only after five more years did Esma‘il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma‘il.
2. ^ Daniel T. Potts (2014). Nomadism in Iran: From Antiquity to the Modern Era. tr. 7. Indeed, the Bayundur clan to which the Aq-qoyunlu rulers belonged, bore the same name and tamgha (symbol) as that of an Oghuz clan.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} “AQ QOYUNLŪ”. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 tháng 8 năm 2011. tr. 163–168.
4. ^ Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2016). “Unity of the Persianate World under Turko-Mongolian Domination and Divergent Development of Imperial Autocracies in the Sixteenth Century”. Journal of Persianate Studies. 9 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341292. The disintegration of Timur’s empire into a growing number of Timurid principalities ruled by his sons and grandsons allowed the remarkable rebound of the Ottomans and their westward conquest of Byzantium as well as the rise of rival Turko-Mongolian nomadic empires of the Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu in western Iran, Iraq, and eastern Anatolia. In all of these nomadic empires, however, Persian remained the official court language and the Persianate ideal of kingship prevailed.
5. ^ ^{a b} Erkinov 2015, tr. 62.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFErkinov2015 (trợ giúp)
6. ^ Lazzarini, Isabella (2015). Communication and Conflict: Italian Diplomacy in the Early Renaissance, 1350-1520 (bằng tiếng Anh). Oxford University Press. tr. 244. ISBN 978-0-19-872741-5.
7. ^ Javadi & Burrill 2012.Lỗi sfn: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFJavadiBurrill2012 (trợ giúp)
8. ^ ^{a b} Michael M. Gunter, Historical dictionary of the Kurds (2010), p. 29
9. ^ ^{a b} Bản mẫu:TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi
10. ^ ^{a b c d} “Coins from the tribal federation of Aq Qoyunlu”.
11. ^ Lỗi chú thích: Thẻ <ref> sai; không có nội dung trong thẻ ref có tên faruk
12. ^ FARUK SÜMER,"AKKOYUNLULAR", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/akkoyunlular (in Turkish).
13. ^ Aq Qoyunlu, R. Quiring-Zoche, Encyclopædia Iranica, (ngày 15 tháng 12 năm 1986);"Christian sedentary inhabitants were not totally excluded from the economic, political, and social activities of the Āq Qoyunlū state and that Qara ʿOṯmān had at his command at least a rudimentary bureaucratic apparatus of the Iranian-Islamic type.."
    "With the conquest of Iran, not only did the Āq Qoyunlū center of power shift eastward, but Iranian influences were soon brought to bear on their method of government and their culture..""
14. ^ Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400-1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38;"Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep). They were Persianate Turkoman Confederations of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Azerbaijan."
15. ^ “Ak Koyunlu”. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
16. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 1. Santa-Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. tr. 431. ISBN 978-159884-336-1."His Qizilbash army overcame the massed forces of the dominant Ak Koyunlu (White Sheep) Turkomans at Sharur in 1501...".
17. ^ The Book of Dede Korkut . University of Texas Press. 1972. tr. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8."Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
18. ^ Türkmen Akkoyunlu İmparatorluğu: Türkmen Akkoyunlu İmparatorluğu makaleler antolojisi (in Turkish). Grafiker. 2003. tr. 418. ISBN 9759272172.
19. ^ electricpulp.com. “AQ QOYUNLŪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica”. www.iranicaonline.org. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 3 năm 2018.

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