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Battle of Wuhan
| Battle of Wuhan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Second Sino-Japanese War | |||||||||
 Chinese machine gun position at Wanjialing | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 China |
 Japan | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
Initial report: 254,628 killed or wounded (84,875 killed and 169,753 wounded)[11][12] Postwar estimates: 400,000-500,000 killed, wounded, or missing[13][14][15] |
Japanese claim: 31,486–35,500 killed and wounded[16][17] 105,945+ cases of illness[18] Post-battle investigations by each army: 11th Army : 7,092 killed and 19,112 wounded[19] 2nd Army : 2,505 killed and 7,427 wounded[20] Chinese claim: Contemporary: 256,000 killed and wounded[21] Academic: 200,000+[22] Zhang: 200,000+ [23] killed and wounded 100 aircraft[23] Dozens of vehicles destroyed[23] 435+ naval vessels destroyed and damaged[9] | ||||||||
| Battle of Wuhan | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 武漢會戰 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 武汉会战 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Defense of Wuhan | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 武漢保衛戰 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 武汉保卫战 | ||||||
| |||||||
| Japanese name | |||||||
| Kanji | 武漢攻略戦 | ||||||
| |||||||
The Battle of Wuhan (traditional Chinese: 武漢會戰; simplified Chinese: 武汉会战; Japanese: 武漢作戦 (ぶかんさくせん)), popularly known to the Chinese as the Defence of Wuhan (traditional Chinese: 武漢保衛戰; simplified Chinese: 武汉保卫战), and to the Japanese as the Capture of Wuhan, was a large-scale battle of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Engagements took place across vast areas of Anhui, Henan, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Hubei provinces over a period of four and a half months. It was the single largest, longest, and bloodiest battle of the entire Second Sino-Japanese War.[24][25][26] More than one million National Revolutionary Army troops from the Fifth and Ninth War Zone were put under the direct command of Chiang Kai-shek, defending Wuhan from the Central China Area Army of the Imperial Japanese Army led by Shunroku Hata. Chinese forces were also supported by the Soviet Volunteer Group, a group of volunteer pilots from Soviet Air Forces.[27]
Although the battle ended with the eventual capture of Wuhan by the Japanese forces, it resulted in heavy casualties, with China suffering as many as one million casualties, military and civilian.[28] With Japan suffering its heaviest losses of the war, it decided to divert its attention to the north, which would prolong the war until the attack on Pearl Harbor.[29] The end of the battle signaled the beginning of a strategic stalemate in the war,[30] shifting from large pitched battles to localised struggles.[31]
- ^ a b 胡德坤. (2008). 武汉会战时期的日本对华政策研究. 武汉大学学报 (人文科学版)
- ^ Mackinnon, Tragedy of Wuhan, p. 932
- ^ a b "The Shattering of Japan's Imperial dream in China" Retrieved 26 June 2018
- ^ a b "武漢會戰". aa.archives.gov.tw. Retrieved 7 February 2025.
- ^ "Japan-China War", weblio.jp retrieved 29 June 2018
- ^ 16 divisions of 25,200 men each 张振国. (2005). 抗战时期武汉会战等战役纪实. 湖北文史, (1), 24-59.
- ^ JM-70 p. 31, Retrieved 26 July 2018
- ^ a b Paine 2017, p. 125–126.
- ^ a b 敖文蔚. (1999). 武汉抗战时期蒋介石的战略战术思想. 近代史研究, 6, 128–156. citing 《10月份长江敌舰受伤统计》，《经济动员》1938年第11期。
- ^ "CombinedFleet: the Yangtze". Retrieved 29 June 2018
- ^ 爱澜，《武汉会战》台北市：知兵堂出版，2012年10月，p328
- ^ Ouyang, Zhiliang; Fangguo, Chen (1995). 武汉抗战史. 湖北人民出版社. p. 170.
- ^ Xianyun, Liu (1995). 劉先雲先生訪談錄. 國史館.
- ^ Xisheng, Qi (2023). 分崩離析的陣營：抗戰中的國民政府1937- 1945. 聯經出版事業公司.
- ^ Mackinnon p. 42
- ^ "How many people did the Japanese army lose at Wuhan?" (in Chinese) citing 《战史丛书·中国事变陆军作战史》 Retrieved 30 July 2018
- ^ 胡德坤. (2008). 武汉会战时期的日本对华政策研究. 武汉大学学报 (人文科学版), 61(2). citing 秦郁彦:《日中战争史》 , 东京:原书房 1979 年版， p. 295.
- ^ Japanese figures indicate the 11th Army alone suffered 104,559 cases of illness, plus 1,386 cases of infectious disease "How many people did the Japanese army lose at Wuhan?" (in Chinese) citing 《战史丛书·中国事变陆军作战史》 Retrieved 30 July 2018
- ^ 「呂集団軍状一般 昭和１５年３月 呂集団司令部〔2〕」JACAR（アジア歴史資料センター）Ref.C11112071800、第１１軍軍状報告 昭和１３年７月中～１５年３月８日（防衛省防衛研究所）
- ^ 「３、第２軍状況概要 昭和１３年１２月１０日 第２軍司令部（３）」JACAR（アジア歴史資料センター）Ref.C11111015900、第２軍の作戦関係資料 昭和１２年８月～１３年１２月 （２分冊の１）（防衛省防衛研究所）
- ^ "How many people did the Japanese army lose at Wuhan?" (in Chinese) Retrieved 30 July 2018
- ^ Long-hsuen, Hsu; Ming-kai, Chang (1971). History of the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). Chung Wu Publishing Co. p. 245.
- ^ a b c 张振国. (2005). 抗战时期武汉会战等战役纪实. 湖北文史
- ^ MacKinnon, Stephen (1996). "The Tragedy of Wuhan, 1938". Modern Asian Studies. 30 (4): 931–943. doi:10.1017/S0026749X0001684X. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 312954.
- ^ Moore, Aaron William (2009). "Wuhan, 1938: War, Refugees, and the Making of Modern China. Stephen R. Mackinnon". The China Quarterly. 198: 489–490. doi:10.1017/S0305741009000617. ISSN 1468-2648.
- ^ Xiaode, Jiang (2015). Defense of Jianghan: 1938 A Complete Record of the Battle of Wuhan (in Chinese) (1st ed.). The Great Wall Press. ISBN 978-7548301035.
- ^ MacKinnon 2008, p. 102.
- ^ Dorn, Frank (1974). The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor. New York: Macmillan Publishing. p. 221. ISBN 0-02-532200-1.
- ^ MacKinnon 2008, p. 2.
- ^ Sunny Han Han (2017). Literature Journals in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China (1931–1938). Springer. p. 187. ISBN 978-9811064487.
- ^ Parks M. Coble (2015). China's War Reporters. Harvard University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0674967670.
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