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Fertility factor (demography)
Fertility factors are determinants of the number of children that an individual is likely to have. Fertility factors are mostly positive or negative correlations without certain causations.
Factors associated with increased fertility include the intention to have children,[1] remaining religiosity,[2] general inter-generational transmission of values,[1] high status of marriage[3][non-primary source needed] and cohabitation,[4][non-primary source needed] maternal[5] and social[1] support, rural residence,[1] a small subset of pro-family social programs,[1] low IQ[6] such as conscientiousness, and generally increased food production.[7]
Factors generally associated with decreased fertility include rising income,[1] value and attitude changes,[8][1] education,[1][9] female labor participation,[10] population control,[11] age,[12] contraception,[1] partner reluctance to child-bearing,[1] infertility,[13] pollution,[14] and obesity.[15]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Balbo N, Billari FC, Mills M (February 2013). "Fertility in Advanced Societies: A Review of Research: La fécondité dans les sociétés avancées: un examen des recherches". European Journal of Population. 29 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y. PMC 3576563. PMID 23440941.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
HayfordMorgan2008was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Martinez G, Daniels K, Chandra A (April 2012). "Fertility of men and women aged 15-44 years in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2006-2010" (primary research report). National Health Statistics Reports (51). Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics: 1–28. PMID 22803225.
- ^ Fent T, Diaz BA, Prskawetz A (2013). "Family policies in the context of low fertility and social structure". Demographic Research. 29 (37): 963–998. doi:10.4054/DemRes.2013.29.37. hdl:10419/96953.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
SchaffnitSear2014was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Shatz SM (March 2008). "IQ and fertility: A cross-national study". Intelligence. 36 (2): 109–111. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.002.
- ^ "Human population numbers as a function of food supply" (PDF). Russel Hopfenburg, David Pimentel, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA;2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Europeanwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Pradhan E (2015-11-24). "Female Education and Childbearing: A Closer Look at the Data". Investing in Health. Retrieved 2019-03-11.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
bloom2007was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Wang Judgewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
velde2002was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
eshre2014was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Exposure to air pollution seems to negatively affect women's fertility".
- ^ Dağ ZÖ, Dilbaz B (1 June 2015). "Impact of obesity on infertility in women". Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 16 (2): 111–7. doi:10.5152/jtgga.2015.15232. PMC 4456969. PMID 26097395.
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