First Philippine Republic

Philippine Republic República Filipina (Spanish) Republika ng Pilipinas (Tagalog)
1899[a]–1901[b]
Flag Emblem
Motto: Libertad, Justicia, y Igualdad (English: "Liberty, Justice, and Equality")(Tagalog: "Kalayaan, Katarungan, at Kapantay-pantayan")[citation needed]
Anthem: Marcha Nacional Filipina (English: "Philippine National March")
Territory controlled by the Philippine Republic, most of which it occupied except Manila and parts of Mindanao.
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Malolos[c]
Largest city	Manila (until February 5, 1899)
Official languages	Spanish[d]
Common languages	Philippine languages
Religion	Secular state Majority: Roman Catholicism Minority: Indigenous religion, Sunni Islam
Demonym(s)	Filipino
Government	1899: Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic under a military dictatorship 1899–1901: Unitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
President
• 1899–1901	Emilio Aguinaldo (first)
• 1901–1902	Miguel Malvar (last; unofficial)
Prime Minister
• 1899	Apolinario Mabini (first)
• 1899	Pedro Paterno (last)
Legislature	National Assembly
Historical era	Philippine–American War
• Republic proclaimed	January 23, 1899[a]
• Dissolved	April 19, 1901[b]
Area
1898[10][better source needed]	298,719 km2 (115,336 sq mi)
Population
• 1898[10]	7,832,719
Currency	Peso
Preceded by Succeeded by Captaincy General of the Philippines Revolutionary Government of the Philippines Military Government of the Philippine Islands

The Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), now officially remembered as the First Philippine Republic and also referred to by historians as the Malolos Republic, was an insurgency established in Malolos, Bulacan during the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire (1896–1898) and the Spanish–American War between Spain and the United States (1898) through the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, succeeding the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines. It was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president.^[11] It was unrecognized outside of the Philippines but remained active until April 19, 1901.^[b]

Following the American victory at the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence on June 12, 1898, and proclaimed successive revolutionary Philippine governments on June 18 and 23 of that year.

In December 1898, Spain and the United States signed the 1898 Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish–American war. As part of the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The treaty was not formally proclaimed until April 11, 1899, when mutual ratifications were exchanged. In the meantime, on January 23, 1899, the Malolos Constitution establishing the First Philippine Republic had been proclaimed and, on February 4, 1899, fighting had erupted in Manila between American and Filipino forces in what developed into the Philippine–American War.^[e] Aguinaldo was captured by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in Palanan, Isabela, he declared allegiance to the U.S. on April 19, 1901, effectively ending the Philippine Republic.^[14][15]

The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia,^[16][17][18] although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the Mahajanapadas of ancient India, the Lanfang Republic, the Republic of Formosa, or the Republic of Ezo. Aguinaldo himself had led a number of governments prior to Malolos, like those established at Tejeros and Biak-na-Bato which both styled themselves República de Filipinas ("Republic of the Philippines"). Unlike the founding documents of those governments, however, the Malolos Constitution was duly approved by a partially elected congress and called for a true representative democracy.^[11][19]

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