Guru Paramartha

Guru Paramartha or Gooroo Paramartan is a fictional monk introduced in Tamil culture by Catholic missionary Constanzo Beschi (known for Tamils as Veeramamunivar) in his story Paramarthaguruvin Kadhai (பரமார்த்த குருவின் கதை - The Adventures of Guru Paramartha). Published in 1728, it is a satirical piece on a naive religious teacher and his equally obtuse disciples, Matti (dull-head), Madayan (fool), Pethai (ignoramus), Moodan (moron) and Milechan (lowly dull-wit).^[1][2][a] It had a considerable influence on Tamil culture and even in modern says the name "Guru Paramartha" is synonymous to "fool".^[2] It has also been adapted into other South Asian languages. Examples include Mahadenamutta in Sinhala.^[3][4]

One of the stories goes as follows. One day they came to a river they had to cross, but they were afraid to do so while the river was awake. To test if the river was asleep, Moodan touched the water with a firebrand, and hearing the ‘hissing’ sound he reported that the river is still awake. After a while Madayan used the same firebrand for testing the river, but since it was already extinguished, there was no sound, and Madayan reported that the river was asleep, so they crossed it. After they crossed the river, they tried to count themselves to make sure all six were safe. But each time anyone counted, he got only five, because he didn't count himself. They went on mourning the missing person, but luckily a passer-by declared himself having powers to recall the one swallowed by the river, for a reward. After that he placed them in a row and counted all six of them.^[5]

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