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Housing segregation in the United States

Not to be confused with broader separation of neighborhoods, known as Residential segregation in the United States.
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In the United States, housing segregation is the practice of denying African Americans and other minority groups equal access to housing through the process of misinformation, denial of realty and financing services, and racial steering.[1][2][3] Housing policy in the United States has influenced housing segregation trends throughout history.[4][5] Key legislation include the National Housing Act of 1934, the G.I. Bill, and the Fair Housing Act.[4][6][7][8] Factors such as socioeconomic status, spatial assimilation, and immigration contribute to perpetuating housing segregation.[5][7][9][10] The effects of housing segregation include relocation, unequal living standards, and poverty.[6][11][12][13][14][15][16] However, there have been initiatives to combat housing segregation, such as the Section 8 housing program.[10][17]

Racial residential segregation doubled from 1880 to 1940.[18] Southern urban areas were the most segregated.[18] Segregation was highly correlated with lynchings of African-Americans.[19] Segregation lowered homeownership rates for both blacks and whites[20] and boosted crime rates.[21] Areas with housing segregation had worse health outcomes for both whites and blacks.[22] Residential segregation accounts for a substantial share of the black-white gap in birth weight.[23] Segregation reduced upward economic mobility.[24]

White communities are more likely to have exclusionary zoning regulations (and whites are more likely to support those regulations).[25][26] Strict land use regulations are an important driver of housing segregation along racial lines in the United States.[25]

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  8. ^ Faber, Jacob W. (August 21, 2020). "We Built This: Consequences of New Deal Era Intervention in America's Racial Geography". American Sociological Review. 85 (5): 739–775. doi:10.1177/0003122420948464. ISSN 0003-1224.
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  18. ^ a b Logan, Trevon D.; Parman, John M. (2017). "The National Rise in Residential Segregation". The Journal of Economic History. 77 (1): 127–170. doi:10.1017/S0022050717000079. ISSN 0022-0507.
  19. ^ Cook, Lisa D.; Logan, Trevon D.; Parman, John M. (2018). "Racial Segregation and Southern Lynching". Social Science History. 42 (4): 635–675. doi:10.1017/ssh.2018.21. ISSN 0145-5532.
  20. ^ Logan, Trevon D.; Parman, John M. (May 1, 2017). "Segregation and Homeownership in the Early Twentieth Century". American Economic Review. 107 (5): 410–414. doi:10.1257/aer.p20171081. ISSN 0002-8282.
  21. ^ Krivo, Lauren J.; Peterson, Ruth D.; Kuhl, Danielle C. (2009). "Segregation, Racial Structure, and Neighborhood Violent Crime". American Journal of Sociology. 114 (6): 1765–1802. doi:10.1086/597285. ISSN 0002-9602. PMID 19852253. S2CID 24669068.
  22. ^ Logan, Trevon D.; Parman, John M. (February 1, 2018). "Segregation and mortality over time and space". Social Science & Medicine. 199: 77–86. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.07.006. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 28734598.
  23. ^ Niemesh, Gregory T.; Shester, Katharine L. (July 1, 2020). "Racial residential segregation and black low birth weight, 1970–2010". Regional Science and Urban Economics. 83: 103542. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2020.103542. ISSN 0166-0462.
  24. ^ Andrews, Rodney; Casey, Marcus; Hardy, Bradley L.; Logan, Trevon D. (September 1, 2017). "Location matters: Historical racial segregation and intergenerational mobility". Economics Letters. 158: 67–72. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2017.06.018. ISSN 0165-1765.
  25. ^ a b Trounstine, Jessica (2020). "The Geography of Inequality: How Land Use Regulation Produces Segregation". American Political Science Review. 114 (2): 443–455. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000844. ISSN 0003-0554.
  26. ^ Trounstine, Jessica (2018). Segregation by Design: Local Politics and Inequality in American Cities. Cambridge Core. doi:10.1017/9781108555722. ISBN 9781108555722. S2CID 158682691. Retrieved June 13, 2020.

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التمييز في الإسكان في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية Arabic Ségrégation résidentielle aux États-Unis French

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