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Ice road
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An ice road or ice bridge[1][2][3][4] is a human-made structure that runs on a frozen water surface (a river, a lake or a sea water expanse).[5][6][7] Ice roads are typically part of a winter road, but they can also be simple stand-alone structures, connecting two shorelines.[8][9] Ice roads may be planned, built and maintained so as to remain safe and effective, and a number of guidelines have been published with information in these regards.[1][4][10][11] An ice road may be constructed year after year, for instance to service community needs during the winter.[4][12] It could also be for a single year or two, so as to supply particular operations, such as a hydroelectric project[8] or offshore drill sites.[13]
- ^ a b Ice Engineering Manual (PDF). Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (Report). New Jersey: Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2006. EM 1110-2-1612.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Proskin&alwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
IHSA2014was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c Guidelines for safe ice construction (PDF). Department of Transportation (Report). Yellowknife, Canada: Government of the NWT. February 2015.
- ^ Masterson, D. and Løset, S., 2011, ISO 19906: Bearing capacity of ice and ice roads, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Port and Ocean Engineering under Arctic Conditions (POAC), Montreal, Canada.
- ^ Proskin, S.A.; Fitzgerald, A. (2019). Using a limit states approach for ice road design. GeoSt.John's. St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
- ^ Spencer, Paul; Wang, Ruixue (2018). "The Design Width of Floating Ice Roads and Effect of Longitudinal Cracks". Day 1 Mon, November 05, 2018. Proceedings of the Arctic Technology Conference (ATC), Houston. doi:10.4043/29164-MS.
- ^ a b Michel, B.; Drouin, M.; Lefebvre, L. M.; Rosenberg, P.; Murray, R. (1974). "Ice Bridges of the James Bay Project". Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 11 (4): 599–619. doi:10.1139/t74-060.
- ^ Goff, R.D. and Masterson, D.M., 1986, Construction of a sprayed ice island for exploration, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Tokyo, pp. 105–112.
- ^ Fransson, L. (2009). Ice Handbook for Engineers (PDF). Luleå Tekniska Universitet. Retrieved 3 January 2025.
- ^ Barrette, P.D. (2015). Overview of ice roads in Canada: Design, usage and climate change adaptation. National Research Council of Canada (Report). Ottawa. OCRE-TR-2015-011.
- ^ Winter roads handbook (PDF). Ministry of Highways and Infrastructure (Report). Regina: Government of Saskatchewan. 2010.
- ^ Finucane, R. G.; Scher, R. L. (1983). "Floating Ice Road Construction". Journal of Energy Resources Technology. 105: 26–29. doi:10.1115/1.3230870.
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