Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for abstraction, logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem-solving. It can be further described as the ability to perceive or infer information; and to retain it as knowledge to be applied to adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.^[1]

Human intelligence has long been studied across numerous disciplines. It has also been observed in the cognition of other animals.^[2] Some researchers have suggested that plants exhibit forms of intelligence, though this remains controversial.^[3]^[4]^[5] Intelligence in computers or other machines is called artificial intelligence.

The term rose to prominence during the early 1900s.^[6]^[7] Most psychologists believe that intelligence can be divided into various domains or competencies.^[8] Intellect, the human faculty of thinking and understanding, is a related narrower concept.

^ Sharma, Radha R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research. Sage Journals. Vol. 12.
^ Shettleworth SJ (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2ND ed.). New York: Oxford Press.
^ Parise, André Geremia; Gaglianob, Monica; Souza, Gustavo Maia (3 January 2020). "Extended cognition in plants: is it possible?". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 15 (2). Bibcode:2020PlSiB..1510661P. doi:10.1080/15592324.2019.1710661. PMC 7053971. PMID 31900033.
^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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^ White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980). An overview of intelligence testing. Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216
^ Buxton, Claude E. (1985). Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology. Academic Press.
^ Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1] Sharma, Radha R. (2008). Emotional Intelligence from 17th Century to 21st Century: Perspectives and Directions for Future Research. Sage Journals. Vol. 12.

[Shettleworth-2] Shettleworth SJ (2010). Cognition, Evolution and Behavior (2ND ed.). New York: Oxford Press.

[3] Parise, André Geremia; Gaglianob, Monica; Souza, Gustavo Maia (3 January 2020). "Extended cognition in plants: is it possible?". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 15 (2). Bibcode:2020PlSiB..1510661P. doi:10.1080/15592324.2019.1710661. PMC 7053971. PMID 31900033.

[:2-4] Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:3-5] Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] White, Margaret B. & Hall, Alfred E. (1980). An overview of intelligence testing. Phi Delta Kappa International. Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 210-216

[7] Buxton, Claude E. (1985). Influences in Psychology: Points of View in the Modern History of Psychology. Academic Press.

[:5-8] Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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Intelligence

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