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Jihadism
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Jihadism is a neologism for modern armed militant Islamic movements that seek to establish states based on Islamic principles.[1][2] In a narrower sense, it refers to the belief that armed confrontation is a theologically legitimate method of socio-political change towards an Islamic system of governance.[3][4]
Jihadism has its roots in the late 19th- and early 20th-century ideological developments of Islamic revivalism, which further developed into Qutbism and related ideologies during the 20th and 21st centuries.[5][6][7] Jihadist ideologues envision jihad as a "revolutionary struggle" against the international order to unite the Muslim world under Islamic law.[8]
The Islamist organizations that participated in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979 to 1989 reinforced the rise of jihadism, which has since propagated during various armed conflicts.[9][10] Jihadism rose in prominence after the 1990s; by one estimate, 5 percent of civil wars involved jihadist groups in 1990, but this grew to more than 40 percent by 2014.[11] With the rise of the terror group ISIS in 2014—which a large contingent of Jihadist groups have opposed—large numbers of foreign Muslim volunteers came from abroad to join the militant cause in Syria and Iraq.[18]
The term "jihadism" has been applied to various Islamic extremist or Islamist individuals and organizations with militant ideologies based on the classical Islamic notion of lesser jihad.[21] French political scientist Gilles Kepel also identified a specific Salafist form of jihadism in the 1990s.[22] Jihadism with an international, pan-Islamist scope is also known as global jihadism.[25] The term has also been invoked to retroactively characterise the military campaigns of historic Islamic empires,[26][27] and later the Fula jihads in West Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries.[28][29]
The 2021 establishment of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan and the 2024 establishment of the post-Assad Syrian Arab Republic grew out of the Jihadist groups Taliban and Hay'at Tahrir Al-Sham, respectively.[30][31]
- ^ Ahmad, Aisha (2024), "Jihadist Governance in Civil Wars", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.763, ISBN 978-0-19-084662-6
- ^ Mendelsohn, Barak (21 March 2024). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina; Morgan, Caroline (eds.). "On the Horizon: The Future of the Jihadi Movement" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 17 (3). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ Sedgwick, Mark (2015). "Jihadism, Narrow and Wide: The Dangers of Loose Use of an Important Term". Perspectives on Terrorism. 9 (2): 34–41. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26297358.
- ^ Ashour, Omar (July 2011). "Post-Jihadism: Libya and the Global Transformations of Armed Islamist Movements". Terrorism and Political Violence. 23 (3): 377–397. doi:10.1080/09546553.2011.560218. ISSN 0954-6553.
- ^ a b Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4. ISSN 1874-6691.
- ^ a b Aydınlı, Ersel (2018) [2016]. "The Jihadists after 9/11". Violent Non-State Actors: From Anarchists to Jihadists. Routledge Studies on Challenges, Crises, and Dissent in World Politics (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 110–149. ISBN 978-1-315-56139-4. LCCN 2015050373.
- ^ Jalal, Ayesha (2009). "Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism". Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–301. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007. ISBN 9780674039070. S2CID 152941120.
- ^ A. Charters, David (6 February 2007). "Something Old, Something New…? Al Qaeda, Jihadism, and Fascism". Terrorism and Political Violence. 19. Routledge: 65–93. doi:10.1080/09546550601054832. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 144155484 – via tandfonline.
- ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman (1 January 2018). "What do we know about the Islamic Radicalism: A meta-analysis of academic publications". 113th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.
resistance of Afghan Mujahideen against the Soviet invasion..
- ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas (14 August 2018). "Radicalism and Enantiodromia: A Trialectic of Modernity, Post-modernity, and Anti-modernity in the Islamic World". 113th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.
- ^ Fearon, James D. (2017). "Civil War & the Current International System". Daedalus. 146 (4). MIT Press for the American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 20–22. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00456. ISSN 0011-5266.
- ^ a b c Atiyas-Lvovsky, Lorena; Azani, Eitan; Barak, Michael; Moghadam, Assaf (20 September 2023). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina; Morgan, Caroline (eds.). "CTC-ICT Focus on Israel: In Word and Deed? Global Jihad and the Threat to Israel and the Jewish Community" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 16 (9). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 1–12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ Milton, Daniel; Perlinger, Arie (11 November 2016). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "From Cradle to Grave: The Lifecycle of Foreign Fighters in Iraq and Syria" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 15–33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ^ Schmid, Alex P.; Tinnes, Judith (December 2015). "Foreign (Terrorist) Fighters with IS: A European Perspective" (PDF). ICCT Research Paper. 6 (8). The Hague: International Centre for Counter-Terrorism. doi:10.19165/2015.1.08. ISSN 2468-0656. JSTOR resrep29430. S2CID 168669583. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Picker, Les (June 2016). "Where Are ISIS's Foreign Fighters Coming From?". The Digest. Vol. 6. Cambridge, Massachusetts: National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived from the original on 23 October 2020. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ Hekmatpour, Peyman; Burns, Thomas J. (2019). "Perception of Western governments' hostility to Islam among European Muslims before and after ISIS: the important roles of residential segregation and education". The British Journal of Sociology. 70 (5). Wiley-Blackwell for the London School of Economics: 2133–2165. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12673. eISSN 1468-4446. ISSN 0007-1315. PMID 31004347. S2CID 125038730.
- ^ Pokalova, Elena (2020). "Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: Aberration from History or History Repeated?". Returning Islamist Foreign Fighters: Threats and Challenges to the West. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–58. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31478-1. ISBN 978-3-030-31477-4. S2CID 241995467.
- ^ [12][13][14][15][16][17]
- ^ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
- ^ Cook, David (2015) [2005]. "Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory". Understanding Jihad (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 93–127. ISBN 9780520287327. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10. LCCN 2015010201.
- ^ [12][5][19][20]
- ^ Kepel, Gilles (2021) [2000]. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Bloomsbury Revelations (5th ed.). London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 219–222. ISBN 9781350148598. OCLC 1179546717.
- ^ Meleagrou-Hitchens, Alexander; Hughes, Seamus; Clifford, Bennett (2021). "The Ideologues". Homegrown: ISIS in America (1st ed.). London and New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 111–148. ISBN 978-1-7883-1485-5.
- ^ Clarke, Colin (8 September 2021). Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina (eds.). "Twenty Years After 9/11: What Is the Future of the Global Jihadi Movement?" (PDF). CTC Sentinel. 14 (7). West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center: 91–105. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ [12][6][23][24]
- ^ The End of the Jihad State.
- ^ Mohanty, Nirode (15 September 2018). Jihadism: Past and Present - Nirode Mohanty - Google Books. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781498575973. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ Batran, Aziz (1989). "The nineteenth-century Islamic revolutions in West Africa". General History of Africa: Volume 6. UNESCO Publishing.
- ^ Ibrahim, Ibrahim Yahaya (28 July 2017). The Wave of Jihadist Insurgency in West Africa: Global Ideology, Local Context, Individual Motivations (Report). Paris: OECD.
- ^ "The fall of the Assad regime is just the beginning of Syria's quest for stability". Atlantic Council. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
- ^ "Return of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan: The Jihadist State of Play". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
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