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List of Philippine mythological figures
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The following is a list of gods, goddesses, deities, and many other divine, semi-divine, and important figures from classical Philippine mythology and indigenous Philippine folk religions collectively referred to as Diwatas whose expansive stories span from a hundred years ago to presumably thousands of years from modern times. The term Bathala eventually replaced "Diwata" as the primary word for "gods" and came to mean any supernatural being worshipped for controlling aspects of life or nature. Over time, Bathala (or Bathalà/Maykapál) became associated with the Christian God and became synonymous with Diyós.[1][2][3][4]
Diwatas In Philippine mythology refers to fairies, nature spirits, celestial beings, and mythological gods. In folk religion, it specifically refers to celestial beings and nature spirits that were never human. These spirits can range from guardians of objects, plants, or animals to deities representing natural forces, abstract concepts, or even gods in a pantheon.[5][6][7][8][8] Pag-Diwata is a ritual giving praise, veneration and worship to the gods and nature spirits.[9]
Anito, or anitu In Philippine mythology, refers to ancestor spirits, spirits of the dead, evil spirits and the wooden idols that represent or house them.[9][10][11][12][12][13]Pag-anito is when the shamans communicate to with the spirits of the dead and ancestral spirits,[9] and even evil spirits[14][15]
The list does not include creatures; for these, see list of Philippine mythological creatures.
- ^ Patricia, Patricia; Buitrago Palacios, Nátali (December 30, 2014). "Los opositores en el proceso de restitución de tierras: análisis cuantitativo de la jurisprudencia, 2012-2014". Revista de Derecho Público (33): 1–34. doi:10.15425/redepub.33.2014.29. ISSN 1909-7778.
- ^ Potet, Jean-Paul (2017). Ancient beliefs and customs of the Tagalogs. Clichy: Jean-Paul G. Potet. ISBN 978-0-244-34873-1.
- ^ Resurreccion, C. O. (March 1965). "Proceedings of the International Congress on Rizal, December 4–8, 1961. Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission, Manila, 1962. Pp. xxvii, 496". Journal of Southeast Asian History. 6 (1): 133–135. doi:10.1017/s0217781100002623. ISSN 0217-7811.
- ^ Murawski, Krzysztof (December 31, 1984). "El triunfo de Hunahpue Ixbalanque: paradigma del renacimiento en la religión de los mayas". Estudios Latinoamericanos. 9: 11–44. doi:10.36447/estudios1984.v9.art1. ISSN 0137-3080.
- ^ Eslit, Edgar R. (June 20, 2023). "Illuminating Shadows: Decoding Three Mythological Veil of Mindanao's Cultural Tapestry". doi:10.20944/preprints202306.1412.v1.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) - ^ "People: January/February 2025". Default Digital Object Group. January 6, 2025. doi:10.1044/leader.ppl.30012025.members-news-january.14. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
- ^ Owen, Norman G. (February 1998). "Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. By Artemio R. Guillermo and May Kyi Win . Lanham, Md.: The Scarecrow Press, 1997. xi, 363 pp. $62.00". The Journal of Asian Studies. 57 (1): 273–275. doi:10.2307/2659094. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2659094.
- ^ a b Tilman, Robert O. (February 1971). "The Philippines in 1970: A Difficult Decade Begins". Asian Survey. 11 (2): 139–148. doi:10.2307/2642713. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642713.
- ^ a b c Scott, William Henry (2004). Barangay: sixteenth century Philippine culture and society (5. pr ed.). Manila: Ateneo de Manila Univ. Pr. ISBN 978-971-550-135-4.
- ^ Royle, Stephen (November 30, 2018). "Tips from the blog XI: docx to pdf". doi.org. doi:10.59350/fkbwr-efa03. Retrieved January 24, 2025.
- ^ Grain Transportation Report, January 23, 2025 (Report). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Marketing Service. January 23, 2025. doi:10.9752/ts056.01-23-2025.
- ^ a b Funk, Leberecht (2014), Musharbash, Yasmine; Presterudstuen, Geir Henning (eds.), "Entanglements between Tao People and Anito on Lanyu Island, Taiwan", Monster Anthropology in Australasia and Beyond, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 143–159, doi:10.1057/9781137448651_9, ISBN 978-1-349-50129-8, retrieved January 24, 2025
- ^ Zialcita, Fernando N. (2020). "Gilda Cordero-Fernando: 1932–2020". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 68 (3–4): 541–547. doi:10.1353/phs.2020.0040. ISSN 2244-1638.
- ^ "Ancestral Control", Saturday Is for Funerals, Harvard University Press, pp. 133–146, October 15, 2011, retrieved January 28, 2025
- ^ Dizon, Mark (2015). "Sumpong: Spirit Beliefs, Murder, and Religious Change among Eighteenth-Century Aeta and Ilongot in Eastern Central Luzon". Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints. 63 (1): 3–38. doi:10.1353/phs.2015.0007. ISSN 2244-1638.
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