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Narcissism
Narcissism is a self-centered personality style characterized as having an excessive preoccupation with oneself and one's own needs, often at the expense of others.[1][2] Narcissism, named after the Greek mythological figure Narcissus, has evolved into a psychological concept studied extensively since the early 20th century, and it has been deemed highly relevant in various societal domains.[3]
Narcissism exists on a continuum that ranges from normal to abnormal personality expression.[4] While many psychologists believe that a moderate degree of narcissism is normal and healthy in humans, there are also more extreme forms, observable particularly in people who have a personality condition like narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), where one's narcissistic qualities become pathological,[4][5] leading to functional impairment and psychosocial disability.[6] It has also been discussed in dark triad studies, along with subclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism.[7][8][9]
- ^ "Oxford Learner's Dictionary". oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ Yakeley, Jessica (2018). "Current understanding of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder". BJPsych Advances. 24 (5): 305–315. doi:10.1192/bja.2018.20. ISSN 2056-4678.
- ^ a b Krizan Z, Herlache AD (February 2018). "The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality". Personality and Social Psychology Review. 22 (1): 3–31. doi:10.1177/1088868316685018. PMID 28132598. S2CID 206682971.
- ^ Nazario B (4 September 2022). Casarella J (ed.). "Narcissistic Personality Disorder". webmd.com. Web MD. Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ Caligor E, Levy KN, Yeomans FE (May 2015). "Narcissistic personality disorder: diagnostic and clinical challenges". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 172 (5): 415–422. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723. PMID 25930131.
- ^ Paulhus, Delroy L.; Williams, Kevin M. (December 2002). "The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy". Journal of Research in Personality. 36 (6): 556–563. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6.
- ^ Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2013). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018.
- ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2014). "Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3)". Assessment. 21 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1177/1073191113514105. PMID 24322012.
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