Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.
Periodontal disease
| Periodontal disease | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Gum disease, pyorrhea, periodontitis |
 | |
| Radiograph showing bone loss between the two roots of a tooth (black region). The spongy bone has receded due to infection under tooth, reducing the bony support for the tooth. | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Specialty | Periodontology |
| Symptoms | Red, swollen, painful, bleeding gums, loose teeth, bad breath[1] |
| Complications | Tooth loss, gum abscess[1][2] |
| Usual onset | Getting gingivitis[3] |
| Causes | Bacteria related plaque build up[1] |
| Risk factors | Smoking,[4] diabetes, HIV/AIDS, certain medications[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Dental examination, X-rays[1] |
| Treatment | Good oral hygiene, regular professional cleaning[5] |
| Frequency | 538 million (2015)[6] |
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth.[5] In its early stage, called gingivitis, the gums become swollen and red and may bleed.[5] It is considered the main cause of tooth loss for adults worldwide.[7][8] In its more serious form, called periodontitis, the gums can pull away from the tooth, bone can be lost, and the teeth may loosen or fall out.[5] Halitosis (bad breath) may also occur.[1]
Periodontal disease typically arises from the development of plaque biofilm, which harbors harmful bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. These bacteria infect the gum tissue surrounding the teeth, leading to inflammation and, if left untreated, progressive damage to the teeth and gum tissue.[9] Recent meta-analysis have shown that the composition of the oral microbiota and its response to periodontal disease differ between men and women. These differences are particularly notable in the advanced stages of periodontitis, suggesting that sex-specific factors may influence susceptibility and progression.[10] Factors that increase the risk of disease include smoking,[4] diabetes, HIV/AIDS, family history, high levels of homocysteine in the blood and certain medications.[1] Diagnosis is by inspecting the gum tissue around the teeth both visually and with a probe and X-rays looking for bone loss around the teeth.[1][11]
Treatment involves good oral hygiene and regular professional teeth cleaning.[5] Recommended oral hygiene include daily brushing and flossing.[5] In certain cases antibiotics or dental surgery may be recommended.[12] Clinical investigations demonstrate that quitting smoking and making dietary changes enhance periodontal health.[13][14] Globally, 538 million people were estimated to be affected in 2015 and has been known to affect 10–15% of the population generally.[7][8][6] In the United States, nearly half of those over the age of 30 are affected to some degree and about 70% of those over 65 have the condition.[5] Males are affected more often than females.[5]
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Gum Disease". National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ "Gum Disease Complications". nhs.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ Page RC, Schroeder HE (1976). "Pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal disease. A summary of current work". Laboratory Investigation. 34 (3): 235–49. PMID 765622.
- ^ a b Albandar JM, Adensaya MR, Streckfus CF, Winn DM (December 2000). "Cigar, Pipe, and Cigarette Smoking as Risk Factors for Periodontal Disease and Tooth Loss". Journal of Periodontology. 71 (12). American Academy of Periodontology: 1874–81. doi:10.1902/jop.2000.71.12.1874. ISSN 0022-3492. PMID 11156044. S2CID 11598500.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Periodontal Disease". CDC. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ^ a b Baelum V, Lopez R (August 2004). "Periodontal epidemiology: towards social science or molecular biology?". Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 32 (4): 239–49. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00159.x. PMID 15239775.
- ^ a b Nicchio IG, Cirelli T, Nepomuceno R, Hidalgo MA, Rossa C, Cirelli JA, Orrico SR, Barros SP, Theodoro LH, Scarel-Caminaga RM (2021). "Polymorphisms in Genes of Lipid Metabolism Are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontitis, as Comorbidities, and with the Subjects' Periodontal, Glycemic, and Lipid Profiles". J Diabetes Res. 2021: 1049307. doi:10.1155/2021/1049307. PMC 8601849. PMID 34805411.
- ^ Visentin D, Gobin I, Maglica Ž (July 2023). "Periodontal Pathogens and Their Links to Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration". Microorganisms. 11 (7): 1832. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071832. ISSN 2076-2607. PMC 10385044. PMID 37513004.
- ^ Del Pinto R, Ferri C, Giannoni M, Cominelli F, Pizarro TT, Pietropaoli D (10 September 2024). "Meta-analysis of oral microbiome reveals sex-based diversity in biofilms during periodontitis". JCI Insight. 9 (17). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.171311. ISSN 2379-3708. PMC 11385077. PMID 39253976.
- ^ Savage A, Eaton KA, Moles DR, Needleman I (June 2009). "A systematic review of definitions of periodontitis and methods that have been used to identify this disease". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 36 (6): 458–67. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01408.x. PMID 19508246.
- ^ "Gum Disease Treatment". nhs.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
- ^ Sáenz-Ravello G, Matamala L, dos Santos NC, Cisternas P, Gamonal J, Fernandez A, Bello-Escamilla N, Hernandez M, Baeza M (1 June 2022). "Healthy Dietary Patterns on Clinical Periodontal Parameters: A GRADE Compliant Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Current Oral Health Reports. 9 (2): 32–55. doi:10.1007/s40496-022-00307-y. ISSN 2196-3002. S2CID 246752560.
- ^ Sanz M, et al. (2020). "Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline". Journal of Clinical Periodontology. 47 (Suppl 22): 4–60. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13290. PMC 7891343. PMID 32383274.
Previous Page Next Page
