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Republic of Texas
Republic of Texas República de Tejas (Spanish) | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1836–1846 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Motto: | |||||||||||||||||||
 Map of the Republic of Texas. Since the Republic was not recognized by Mexico, its entire territory was disputed. The area that was controlled by the Republic is in dark green, while the territory claimed by the Republic but not effectively controlled is in light green. | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital |
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| Official languages | English and Spanish | ||||||||||||||||||
| Other languages | German, French, Portuguese, Native languages (Caddo, Comanche) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Texian and Tejano | ||||||||||||||||||
| Government | Unitary presidential constitutional republic | ||||||||||||||||||
| President1 | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1836 | David G. Burnet | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1836–38 | Sam Houston, 1st term | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1838–41 | Mirabeau B. Lamar | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1841–44 | Sam Houston, 2nd term | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1844–46 | Anson Jones | ||||||||||||||||||
| Vice President1 | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1836 | Lorenzo de Zavala | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1836–38 | Mirabeau B. Lamar | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1838–41 | David G. Burnet | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1841–44 | Edward Burleson | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1844–45 | Kenneth L. Anderson | ||||||||||||||||||
| Legislature | Congress | ||||||||||||||||||
• Upper house | Senate | ||||||||||||||||||
• Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Western Expansion | ||||||||||||||||||
| March 2, 1836 | |||||||||||||||||||
| December 29, 1845 | |||||||||||||||||||
• Transfer of power | February 19, 1846 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Currency | Texas dollar | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | |||||||||||||||||||
1Interim period (March 16 – October 22, 1836): President: David G. Burnet, Vice President Lorenzo de Zavala | |||||||||||||||||||
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The Republic of Texas (Spanish: República de Tejas), or simply Texas, was a country in North America.[3] It existed for close to 10 years, from March 2, 1836 to February 19, 1846. Texas shared borders with Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States. The Republic had engaged in some complex relations with various nations. The United States was one of the key players that recognized Texas's independence. However, they hesitated to annex the Republic due to domestic affairs with Mexico. European powers (France and Britain) had extended their recognition and wanted to engage in trade with Texas. These relations were very significant and shaped Texas's republic. This had led to the annexation by the U.S. which led to the Mexican-American War.[4]
Much of its territory was controlled by Mexico or Comancheria; Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo-American residents of the area and of the republic were referred to as Texians, while Texans of Mexican descent were referred to as Tejanos.[5]
The Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas declared its independence from Mexico during the Texas Revolution in 1835–1836, when the Centralist Republic of Mexico abolished autonomy from states of the Mexican federal republic. Major fighting ended on April 21, 1836, but the Mexican Congress refused to recognize the independence of the Republic of Texas, as the Treaties of Velasco was signed by Mexican President General Antonio López de Santa Anna under duress as prisoner of the Texians. The majority of the Mexican Congress did not approve the agreement.
Intermittent conflicts between Mexico and Texas continued into the 1840s. The United States recognized the Republic of Texas in March 1837 but declined to annex the territory at that time.[6][7]
Texas was annexed by the United States on December 29, 1845,[8] and was admitted to the Union as the 28th state on that day, with the transfer of power from the Republic to the new state of Texas formally taking place on February 19, 1846.[9] However, the United States inherited the southern and western border-disputes with Mexico, which had refused to recognize Texas's independence or to accept U.S. offers to purchase the territory. Consequently, the annexation led to the Mexican–American War (1846–1848).
- ^ "Flags and Other Symbols | TX Almanac". www.texasalmanac.com. 2023. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ Greenfield, David (March 1, 2001). "Texas Tidbits". Texas Monthly. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2023.
- ^ Lang, Andrew F. (July 2010). "Memory, the Texas Revolution, and Secession: The Birth of Confederate Nationalismin the Lone Star State". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 114 (1): 21–36. doi:10.1353/swh.0.0016. ISSN 1558-9560.
- ^ Reyes, Stefan Roel (July 2024). ""Our Citizens": Mirabeau B. Lamar's Sentiments toward Mexicans during the Republic of Texas". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 128 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1353/swh.2024.a936678. ISSN 1558-9560.
- ^ "Texian". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) – the term "Texian" dates from at least 1835.
- ^ Henderson (2008), p. 121.
- ^
Crapol, Edward P. (2012) [2006]. "Texas". John Tyler, the Accidental President. Legal classics library (revised ed.). University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0807872239. Retrieved May 18, 2022.
After Van Buren was safely elected, Jackson granted formal diplomatic recognition to the Lone Star Republic. A few months later, in August 1837, the Texians officially requested annexation, but Van Buren, fearing an anti-slavery backlash and domestic turmoil, rebuffed them.
- ^ O'Neill, R. (2011). Texas War of Independence. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 85. ISBN 978-1448813322.
- ^ Kelly F. Himmel (1999). The Conquest of the Karankawas and the Tonkawas: 1821–1859. Texas A&M University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-89096-867-3.
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