Terracotta

Terracotta, also known as terra cotta or terra-cotta^[2] (Italian: [ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta]; lit. 'baked earth';^[3] from Latin terra cocta 'cooked earth'),^[4] is a clay-based non-vitreous ceramic^[5] fired at relatively low temperatures. It is therefore a term used for earthenware objects of certain types, as set out below.^[5][6]

Usage and definitions of the term vary, such as:

• In art, pottery, applied art, and craft, "terracotta" is a term often used for red-coloured earthenware sculptures or functional articles such as flower pots, water and waste water pipes, and tableware.^[7]
• In archaeology and art history, "terracotta" is often used to describe objects such as figurines and loom weights not made on a potter's wheel, with vessels and other objects made on a wheel from the same material referred to as earthenware; the choice of term depends on the type of object rather than the material or shaping technique.^[8]
• Terracotta is also used to refer to the natural brownish-orange color of most terracotta.^[9]
• In architecture, the term encompasses many building materials made out an fired ceramic for exterior covering.^[10] Architectural terracotta can also refer to ornate decorative ceramic elements such as antefixes and revetments, which had a large impact on the appearance of temples and other buildings in the classical architecture of Europe, as well as in the Ancient Near East.^[11]

This article covers the sense of terracotta as a medium in sculpture, as in the Terracotta Army and Greek terracotta figurines, and architectural decoration. Neither pottery such as utilitatian earthenware nor East Asian and European sculpture in porcelain are covered.